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光纤通信中信号劣化的原因
2022-07-26 01:10:00 【西土城山羊卷】
光通信系统中信号劣化的主要原因有两个:
- 光电器件的噪声造成的干扰;
- 光纤传输中造成的 1)信号衰减 2)信号失真。
1 光电器件的噪声
光电器件的噪声,主要来自于光放大器。
2 信号衰减
损耗是光纤的重要特性,它很大程度上决定了在没有光放大器和光中继器的情况下,光通信系统可以传输的最大距离。
光纤的传输损耗已经达到理论极限,低至0.15dB/km。但是对于长距离传输系统,光纤损耗仍然是限制系统容量增长的关键性因素。EDFA 的出现使得光纤损耗的问题得到了彻底的解决。
3 信号失真
3.1 线性失真
是指光纤色散造成的光脉冲展宽,光纤中传输的光脉冲随着传输距离的增加而展宽,当距离足够长时,相邻的光脉冲就可能因展宽而发生重叠,从而导致接收机的误判决。
一般而言,单模光纤中,存在材料色散和波导色散,一般以材料色散为主;多模光纤中存在模式色散和色度色散,模式色散为主。
3.2 非线性失真
非线性失真是指由光纤的非线性效应造成的信号畸变。
随着WDM 技术的商用化,色散位移光纤遇到了严重的非线性问题。光纤的非线性效应按起因分为两种:1. 非线性非弹性散射过程,即受激拉曼散射 (SRS) 与受激布里渊散射 (SBS);2. 光纤中光强相关的折射率变化,包括自相位调制 (SPM)、交叉相位调制 (XPM)、四波混频 (FWM),目前影响最大的是四波混频。
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