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20211104 为什么矩阵的迹等于特征值之和,为什么矩阵的行列式等于特征值之积
2022-06-13 08:55:00 【我起个什么名字呢】
为什么矩阵的迹等于特征值之和
求 n n n 阶矩阵 A = ( a i j ) n × n {A}=\left(a_{i j}\right)_{n \times n} A=(aij)n×n 的特征值
det ( λ I − A ) = ∣ λ − a 11 − a 12 … − a 1 n − a 21 λ − a 22 … − a 2 n … … … … − a n 1 − a n 2 … λ − a n n ∣ \operatorname{det}(\lambda I-A)=\left|\begin{array}{cccc} \lambda-a_{11} & -a_{12} & \ldots & -a_{1 n} \\ -a_{21} & \lambda-a_{22} & \ldots & -a_{2 n} \\ \ldots & \ldots & \ldots & \ldots \\ -a_{n 1} & -a_{n 2} & \ldots & \lambda-a_{n n} \end{array}\right| det(λI−A)=∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣λ−a11−a21…−an1−a12λ−a22…−an2…………−a1n−a2n…λ−ann∣∣∣∣∣∣∣∣
由行列式的展开法则可得特征多项式
φ ( λ ) = det ( λ I − A ) = λ n − ( a 11 + a 22 + ⋯ + a m ) λ n − 1 + ⋯ + ( − 1 ) n det A \begin{aligned} \varphi(\lambda)& =\operatorname{det}(\lambda {I}-{A})\\ & =\lambda^{n}-\left(a_{11}+a_{22}+\cdots+a_{m}\right) \lambda^{n-1}+ & \cdots+(-1)^{n} \operatorname{det} \boldsymbol{A} \end{aligned} φ(λ)=det(λI−A)=λn−(a11+a22+⋯+am)λn−1+⋯+(−1)ndetA
同时, det ( λ I − A ) \operatorname{det}(\lambda I-A) det(λI−A) 有 n \mathrm{n} n 个根,它们就是 n \mathrm{n} n个特征值,也就是说
det ( λ I − A ) = ( λ − λ 1 ) ( λ − λ 2 ) … ( λ − λ n ) \operatorname{det}(\lambda I-A)=\left(\lambda-\lambda_{1}\right)\left(\lambda-\lambda_{2}\right) \ldots\left(\lambda-\lambda_{n}\right) det(λI−A)=(λ−λ1)(λ−λ2)…(λ−λn)
那么,
λ 1 λ 2 ⋯ λ n = det A \lambda_{1} \lambda_{2} \cdots \lambda_{n}=\operatorname{det} \boldsymbol{A} λ1λ2⋯λn=detA
tr A = ∑ i = 1 n a i u \operatorname{tr} \boldsymbol{A}=\sum_{i=1}^{n} a_{i u} trA=i=1∑naiu
参考:
[1] https://www.zhihu.com/question/267405336
[2] 《矩阵论》 程云鹏 张凯院
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