Take you to API development by hand

introduction

In this paper , You will learn how to use Flask、SQLite 3（ Easy database ） and JSON Create... For data communication REST API.

This article USES the 4 The most commonly used HTTP Verb ：GET、POST、PUT and DELETE, Corresponding database CRUD operation .

For example, it manages a game database games.db, Include name （name）、 Price （price) And rank （rate）.

We will also use Flask Created API Expose several operations ：

• Get all games
• Create a new game
• Update game
• Delete game
• adopt ID Get games

First , We will use Python Create database related CRUD, Then we will be in API Use in Flask Expose all these functions , The encoding format is JSON.

install SQLite

1. Click on here , Download the corresponding of your system SQLite edition , This article takes Windows For example ：

1. After downloading, the files in these two compressed packages Unzip to C Under a directory on the disk ：

1. And add the directory to the environment variable ：

1. see SQLite3 edition ：

λ sqlite3
SQLite version 3.38.5 2022-05-06 15:25:27
Enter ".help" for usage hints.
Connected to a transient in-memory database.
Use ".open FILENAME" to reopen on a persistent database.
sqlite>

Create database

Use sqlite3 databaseName.db Command to create a SQLite database , This article creates a games.db database ：

λ sqlite3 games.db
SQLite version 3.38.5 2022-05-06 15:25:27
Enter ".help" for usage hints.
sqlite> .databases
main: C:\Program Files\cmder\games.db r/w

Create table

CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS games(
  id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
  name TEXT NOT NULL,
  price REAL NOT NULL,
  rate INTEGER NOT NULL
)

establish db.py

As we saw in the previous step, the database will be called games.db . newly build Python Of SQLite3 Connection file db.py：

import sqlite3

DATABASE_NAME = "games.db"


#  Get database connection 
def get_db():
    conn = sqlite3.connect(DATABASE_NAME)
    return conn

#  Create database tables 
def create_tables():
    tables = [
        """
        CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS games (
            id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
            name TEXT NOT NULL,
            price REAL NOT NULL,
            rate INTEGER NOT NULL
        )
        """
    ]

    db = get_db()
    cursor = db.cursor()
    for table in tables:
        cursor.execute(table)

in , Besides , We have two functions ：

• One of them is get_db()： Used to obtain a database connection
• Another function create_tables()： When games Create a database table when the database table does not exist .

Now we have defined the database , Let's see how to use SQLite3 Database game CRUD operation .

establish game_controller.py

stay API Before exposing the database in , We will create a game controller , It will be responsible for preserving 、 to update 、 All operations of deleting and acquiring game data .

All of these functions are in a file called game_controller.py In the file of , It looks something like this ：

from db import get_db


def insert_game(name, price, rate):
    db = get_db()
    cursor = db.cursor()
    statement = "INSERT INTO games(name, price, rate) VALUES (?, ?, ?)"
    cursor.execute(statement, [name, price, rate])
    db.commit()
    return True


def update_game(id, name, price, rate):
    db = get_db()
    cursor = db.cursor()
    statement = "UPDATE games SET name = ?, price = ?, rate = ? WHERE id = ?"
    cursor.execute(statement, [name, price, rate, id])
    db.commit()
    return True


def delete_game(id):
    db = get_db()
    cursor = db.cursor()
    statement = "DELETE FROM games WHERE id = ?"
    cursor.execute(statement, [id])
    db.commit()
    return True


def get_by_id(id):
    db = get_db()
    cursor = db.cursor()
    statement = "SELECT id, name, price, rate FROM games WHERE id = ?"
    cursor.execute(statement, [id])
    return cursor.fetchone()


def get_games():
    db = get_db()
    cursor = db.cursor()
    query = "SELECT id, name, price, rate FROM games"
    cursor.execute(query)
    return cursor.fetchall()

In the document , We see several functions . insert_game Function to receive game data and insert it into the database （INSERT）; All of these use prepared statements to prevent us from using Python and Flask Created this API Medium SQL Inject .

We also see other ways , for example update_game perform UPDATE Action to update the game ,delete_game From its id Delete game (DELETE),get_by_id From its id Return to the game （ Use SELECT operation ）.

Finally, let's take a look at returning to all existing games get_games function .

Please note that , All functions use databases and cursors to perform all operations . Now we have the database operation CRUD, It's time to use Flask Open API All the contents of the

establish main.py

▲ main.py

install flask

You can check the official Installation help ：

$ pip install Flask

We are API The first thing to do in is to create Flask Application and import game controller . We also imported a function from the database , Because we need to create tables when we start the application :

from flask import Flask, jsonify, request
import game_controller
from db import create_tables

app = Flask(__name__)

And then use GET、PUT、POST and DELETE http Verb definition route ：

@app.route('/games', methods=["GET"])
def get_games():
    games = game_controller.get_games()
    return jsonify(games)


@app.route("/game", methods=["POST"])
def insert_game():
    game_details = request.get_json()
    name = game_details["name"]
    price = game_details["price"]
    rate = game_details["rate"]
    result = game_controller.insert_game(name, price, rate)
    return jsonify(result)


@app.route("/game", methods=["PUT"])
def update_game():
    game_details = request.get_json()
    id = game_details["id"]
    name = game_details["name"]
    price = game_details["price"]
    rate = game_details["rate"]
    result = game_controller.update_game(id, name, price, rate)
    return jsonify(result)


@app.route("/game/<id>", methods=["DELETE"])
def delete_game(id):
    result = game_controller.delete_game(id)
    return jsonify(result)


@app.route("/game/<id>", methods=["GET"])
def get_game_by_id(id):
    game = game_controller.get_by_id(id)
    return jsonify(game)

Each route corresponds to the game controller function we created earlier , And SQLite3 Database interaction .

• When updating and inserting games , We use get_json Read the requested JSON , Then visit the dictionary :

 game_details = request.get_json()

• Delete or pass ID Get the case , We read from the route id Variable as And receive it in the method :

game = game_controller.get_by_id(id)

• this Python API adopt JSON communicate , So all responses are based on jsonify The contents returned by the function :

return jsonify(result)

• Last , We created Flask Application to start the server and listen for requests ：

if __name__ == "__main__":
    create_tables()
    """
    Here you can change debug and port
    Remember that, in order to make this API functional, you must set debug in False
    """
    app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=8000, debug=False)

thus , We have complete main.py Function as follows ：

from flask import Flask, jsonify, request, json
import game_controller
from db import create_tables

app = Flask(__name__)


@app.route('/games', methods=["GET"])
def get_games():
    games = game_controller.get_games()
    return jsonify(games)


@app.route("/game", methods=["POST"])
def insert_game():

    game_details = json.loads(request.get_data())
    name = game_details["name"]
    price = game_details["price"]
    rate = game_details["rate"]
    result = game_controller.insert_game(name, price, rate)
    return jsonify(result)


@app.route("/game", methods=["PUT"])
def update_game():
    game_details = request.get_json()
    id = game_details["id"]
    name = game_details["name"]
    price = game_details["price"]
    rate = game_details["rate"]
    result = game_controller.update_game(id, name, price, rate)
    return jsonify(result)


@app.route("/game/<id>", methods=["DELETE"])
def delete_game(id):
    result = game_controller.delete_game(id)
    return jsonify(result)


@app.route("/game/<id>", methods=["GET"])
def get_game_by_id(id):
    game = game_controller.get_by_id(id)
    return jsonify(game)

"""
Enable CORS. Disable it if you don't need CORS
"""
@app.after_request
def after_request(response):
    response.headers["Access-Control-Allow-Origin"] = "*" # <- You can change "*" for a domain for example "http://localhost"
    response.headers["Access-Control-Allow-Credentials"] = "true"
    response.headers["Access-Control-Allow-Methods"] = "POST, GET, OPTIONS, PUT, DELETE"
    response.headers["Access-Control-Allow-Headers"] = "Accept, Content-Type, Content-Length, Accept-Encoding, X-CSRF-Token, Authorization"
    return response


if __name__ == "__main__":
    create_tables()
    """
    Here you can change debug and port
    Remember that, in order to make this API functional, you must set debug in False
    """
    app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=8000, debug=False)

It is worth noting that , Here we add CORS, If you want to start with API Different domains use this API, You need to enable CORS. Just add the following code snippet to API（ In the repository , You will find the added code , You can delete it as needed ）：

"""
Enable CORS. Disable it if you don't need CORS
"""
@app.after_request
def after_request(response):
    response.headers["Access-Control-Allow-Origin"] = "*" # <- You can change "*" for a domain for example "http://localhost"
    response.headers["Access-Control-Allow-Credentials"] = "true"
    response.headers["Access-Control-Allow-Methods"] = "POST, GET, OPTIONS, PUT, DELETE"
    response.headers["Access-Control-Allow-Headers"] = "Accept, Content-Type, Content-Length, Accept-Encoding, X-CSRF-Token, Authorization"
    return response

Start the program and test

Use python3 main.py, Run our server and API ：

 * Serving Flask app 'main' (lazy loading)
 * Environment: production
   WARNING: This is a development server. Do not use it in a production deployment.
   Use a production WSGI server instead.
 * Debug mode: off
 * Running on all addresses (0.0.0.0)
   WARNING: This is a development server. Do not use it in a production deployment.
 * Running on http://127.0.0.1:8000
 * Running on http://10.26.4.188:8000 (Press CTRL+C to quit)

For the convenience of all the API Test of , Use to Apifox As an interface testing tool ：

▲ img

GET Get all game tests

visit http://127.0.0.1:8000/games. return 200 OK, But there are no games in the database , So return null JSON character string ：

▲ img

POST Add a game test

Because of the game id Since the increase , So you just need to send it to the external server name, price and rate：

▲ img

The server background displays as follows ：

127.0.0.1 - - [16/Jun/2022 14:51:05] "POST /game HTTP/1.1" 200 -

PUT Modify the game content test

View all our current game content ：

▲ img

And then LOL The name of is changed to Hero alliance , At this point, we need to pass in four parameters ：id,name, price, rate, Because according to id To find the game we want to change ：

{
    "id": 2,
    "name": " Hero alliance ",
    "price": 1,
    "rate": 99
}

The test success is as follows ：

▲ img

GET Get a single game content test

In order to check just for id by 2 Whether the game was renamed successfully , We can pass in http://127.0.0.1:8000/game/2 route ：

▲ img

You can see ,PUT And current GET Requests are all OK Of .

DELETE Delete game test

Last , Come to our delete link , hold id by 3 Game content deleted ：

▲ img

You can see that the deletion was successful , our API The test is complete OK Of

▲ img

summary

Last , It is time for this article to make a summary .

This tutorial uses Python、SQLite3、Flask A simple game Rest API function , By means of Flask Process incoming HTTP Four requests for ：GET、POST、PUT、DELETE, The most basic functions of adding, deleting, modifying and querying are realized .

The use of Apifox As our interface testing tool , A complete experience of a simple API Development process .

If the article is useful to you , Just like it before you leave , See you for the next article .