[vi/vim] basic usage and command summary

vi/vim Basic use and command summary of

The goal is

• vi brief introduction
• Open and create new files
• Three working modes
• Common commands
• Split screen command
• Common command quick look up chart

01. vi brief introduction

1.1 Study vi Purpose

• At work , Right The server On the file Simple Modification of , have access to ssh Log on to the server remotely , And use vi You can edit it quickly
• Common files that need to be modified include ：
  • Source program
  • The configuration file , for example ssh Configuration file for ~/.ssh/config

• In the absence of a graphical interface , To edit a file ,vi Is the best choice ！
• Each one should use Linux The programmer , We should learn more or less vi Common commands

1.2 vi and vim

• In many Linux Distribution in , Put... Directly vi Make it vim Soft connection

vi

• vi yes Visual interface For short , yes Linux in The most classic Text editor for

• vi The core design idea of —— Keep the programmer's fingers in the core area of the keyboard , You can do all the editing
  

• vi Characteristics ：

  • There is no graphical interface Of Powerful Editor for
  • Only editors Text content , You can't change the font 、 Arrange paragraphs
  • Mouse operation not supported
  • No menu
  • Only the command

• vi The editor is in System management 、 Server management When editing a file , Its function can never be compared with the editor of graphical interface

vim

vim = vi improved

• vim It's from vi Developed a text editor , Support Code completion 、 compile And Wrong jump And other convenient programming functions are particularly rich , Widely used in programmers , go by the name of The God of editor

Query the soft connection command （ know ）

• In many Linux In the distribution version, the vi Make it vim Soft connection

#  lookup  vi  Run file 

$ which vi
$ ls -l /usr/bin/vi
$ ls -l /etc/alternatives/vi
$ ls -l /usr/bin/vim.basic

#  lookup  vim  Run file 
$ which vim
$ ls -l /usr/bin/vim
$ ls -l /etc/alternatives/vim
$ ls -l /usr/bin/vim.basic 

02. Open and create new files

• Input in the terminal vi Followed by the file name that will do

$ vi  file name 

• If the file already exists , Will open the file directly
• If the file doesn't exist , A new file will be created

2.1 Open the file and locate the line

• In daily work , It's possible to meet Open a file , And navigate to the specified line The situation of

• for example ： At development time , Know that a line of code has errors , Sure Rapid positioning To the location of the error code

• This is the time , You can use the following command to open a file

$ vi  file name  + Row number 

Tips ： If you only take + Instead of specifying the line number , Will go directly to the end of the file

2.2 exception handling

• If vi Abnormal exit , There may be Swap file
• Next time vi When editing the file , You will see the following screen information , Press the letter d Sure Delete interchange file that will do

Tips ： When you press the keyboard , Pay attention to turn off the input method

03. Three working modes

• vi There are three basic modes of work ：

  1. Command mode
     • Open the file first into command mode , It's using vi Of entrance
     • adopt command Routine editing of files , for example ： location 、 Page turning 、 Copy 、 Paste 、 Delete ……
     • In other graphic editors , adopt Shortcut key perhaps mouse Operations implemented , All in Command mode achieve
  2. Last row mode —— perform preservation 、 sign out Wait for the operation
     • To exit vi Back to the console , You need to enter a command in last line mode
     • Last row mode yes vi Of exit
  3. Edit mode —— Normal editing text
     

Tips ： stay Touch Bar Of Mac On the computer , Press ESC inconvenient , have access to CTRL + [ replace

Last mode command

command	english	function
w	write	preservation
q	quit	sign out , If you don't save it , You are not allowed to exit
q!	quit	To force out of , Exit without saving
wq	write & quit	Save and exit
x		Save and exit

04. Common commands

Command wiring diagram

0. Repeat the number
   • In command mode , Enter a number first , Follow another command , You can make the order Repeat the specified number of times
1. Move and choose （ More practice ）
   • vi The reason is fast. , The key lies in Be able to quickly locate the line of code to be edited
   • Mobile command can and Edit operation command Use a combination of
2. Edit operation
   • Delete 、 Copy 、 Paste 、 Replace 、 Indent
3. Revocation and repetition
4. Search and replace
5. edit

Learning tips

1. vi There are more orders for , Don't expect to remember all at once , Individual orders forget , It just affects the editing speed
2. In the use of vi On command , Be careful Turn off Chinese IME

4.1 Move （ basic ）

• Use it skillfully vi, First of all, we should learn how to Command mode Move the cursor quickly in the following example
• Edit operation command , Can and Mobile command To use together

1) On 、 Next 、 Left 、 Right

command	function	finger
h	towards the left	index finger
j	Down	index finger
k	Up	Middle finger
l	towards the right	ring finger

2) Move in line

command	english	function
w	word	Move a word back
b	back	Move a word forward
0		Head of line
^		Head of line , The first position is not a blank character
$		At the end of the line

3) Rows move

command	english	function
gg	go	Top of file
G	go	end of file
Numbers gg	go	Move to Numbers Number of corresponding lines
Numbers G	go	Move to Numbers Number of corresponding lines
: Numbers		Move to Numbers Number of corresponding lines

4) Screen movement

command	english	function
Ctrl + b	back	Page up
Ctrl + f	forward	Page down
H	Head	At the top of the screen
M	Middle	In the middle of the screen
L	Low	At the bottom of the screen

4.2 Move （ Program ）

1) Paragraph move

• vi Use in Blank line To distinguish paragraphs
• In program development , Usually A piece of function related code will be written together —— There is no blank line between

command	function
{	Last paragraph
}	Next paragraph

2) Bracket toggle

• In the world of programs ,()、[]、{} The frequency of use is very high , and They come in pairs

command	function
%	Bracket matching and switching

3) Mark

• At development time , A piece of code may It needs to be handled later , for example ： edit 、 see
• Use... First m Add a marker , This can Jump back quickly when needed perhaps Perform other editing operations
• Tag name It can be a~z perhaps A~Z In between One Letter
• Marked If the line is deleted , The tag is also deleted
• If Tag with same name added to other lines , Previously added tags will also be replaced

command	english	function
mx	mark	Add tag x,x yes a~z perhaps A~Z Any letter between
'x		Go straight to the mark x The position of

4.3 Select the text （ Visual Modes ）

• Study Copy Before the command , We should learn to How to choose Code to copy
• stay vi Choose the text , You need to use it first Visual Command switch to Visual Modes
• vi Provided in Three Visual Modes , It is convenient for programmers to choose How to select text
• Press ESC You can give up the selection , Back to Command mode

command	Pattern	function
v	Visual Modes	Select the text in normal mode from the cursor position
V	Visual line mode	Select the full line the cursor passes through
Ctrl + v	Visual block mode	Select text vertically

• Visual Modes Next , You can talk to Mobile command Continuous use , for example ：ggVG Be able to select everything

4.4 Revocation and reinstatement of revocation

• Before learning editing commands , First of all, you need to know how to undo the previous FALSE Edit actions ！

command	english	function
u	undo	Undo the last order
CTRL + r	redo	To resume an order of revocation

4.5 Delete text

command	english	function
x	cut	Delete cursor character , Or select the text
d( Mobile command )	delete	Delete the content corresponding to the move command
dd	delete	Deletes the line where the cursor is located , Sure ndd Copy many lines
D	delete	Delete to end of line

Tips ： If you use Visual Modes A text has been selected , So no matter what you use d still x, Can delete the selected text

• The delete command can be used with Mobile command Continuous use , Here are the common combined commands ：

* dw        #  Delete from cursor position to end of word 
* d0        #  Delete from cursor position to the beginning of a line 
* d}        #  Delete from the cursor position to the end of the paragraph 
* ndd       #  Delete continuously from the cursor down  n  That's ok 
* d Lines of code G   #  From the line where the cursor is   Delete to   Specify the line of code   All code between 
* d'a       #  From the line where the cursor is   Delete to   Mark a  All code between 

4.6 Copy 、 Paste

• vi There is a Buffer for copied text
  • Copy The command saves the selected text in the buffer
  • Delete Command deleted text will be saved in the buffer
  • Where needed , Use Paste The command can insert the text of the buffer into the position of the cursor

command	english	function
y( Mobile command )	copy	Copy
yy	copy	Duplicate a row , Sure nyy Copy many lines
p	paste	Paste

Tips

• command d、x Similar to the graphic interface Cut operation —— CTRL + X
• command y Similar to the graphic interface Copy operation —— CTRL + C
• command p Similar to the graphic interface Paste operation —— CTRL + V
• vi Medium There is also only one text buffer , If I do it later Copy 、 shear operation , The contents of the previous buffer will be replaced

Be careful

• vi Medium Text buffer And systematic clipboard Not the same
• So use... In other software CTRL + C Copied content , Can't be in vi Pass through P Command paste
• Can be in Edit mode Next use Right click to paste

4.7 Replace

command	english	function	Working mode
r	replace	Replace the current character	Command mode
R	replace	Replace the character after the current line cursor	Replace mode

• R Orders can enter Replace mode , When the replacement is complete , Press down ESC You can go back to Command mode
• Replace the command The function of is not to enter Edit mode , On the file Lightweight modifications

4.8 Indent and repeat

command	function
>>	Increase indent to the right
<<	Decrease indent to the left
.	Repeat the last order

• Indent order When developing programs , Add indents to the code More useful ！
  • Disposable Add... Before selecting code 4 A space , It's called Increase Indent
  • Disposable Delete... Before selecting code 4 A space , It's called Reduce indent
• stay Visual Modes Next , The indent command only needs to use One > perhaps <

In the program , Indent Usually used to represent the ownership of code

• The fewer spaces in front , The higher the level of code
• The more spaces ahead , The lower the level of code

4.9 lookup

Regular search

command	function
/str	lookup str

• After finding the specified content , Use Next Find the next place to appear ：
  • n: Find the next one
  • N: Find the last one
• If you don't want to see highlights , You can find any content that does not exist in a file

Word quick match

command	function
*	Find the word of the current cursor backward
#	Look forward to the word where the current cursor is

• In development , Quickly match words , You can quickly see where the word has been used in other places

4.10 Find and replace

• stay vi Find and replace commands in Last row mode perform
• Memory command format ：

:%s///g

1) Global replacement

• Disposable Replace... In the file All the old texts that appear
• The command format is as follows ：

:%s/ Old text / New text /g

2) Visual area replacement

• Select first To replace the words Range
• The command format is as follows ：

:s/ Old text / New text /g

3) Confirm replacement

• If you put the last g Change to gc When replacing , There will be hints. ！ Recommended ！

:%s/ Old text / New text /gc

1. y - yes Replace
2. n - no Do not replace
3. a - all Replace all
4. q - quit Quit replacing
5. l - last the last one , And move the cursor to the beginning of the line
6. ^E Scroll down
7. ^Y Scroll up

4.11 Insert command

• stay vi In addition to the commonly used i Get into Edit mode Outside , The following commands are also provided to enter the editing mode ：

command	english	function	Commonly used
i	insert	Insert text before current character	Commonly used
I	insert	Insert text at the beginning of the line	More commonly used
a	append	Add text... After the current character
A	append	Add text at the end of the line	More commonly used
o		Insert a blank line after the current line	Commonly used
O		Insert a blank line before the current line	Commonly used

rehearse 1 —— Edit commands and numbers

• In development , Continuous input may be encountered N The same characters

stay Python There are simple ways , But in other languages, you usually need to input by yourself

• for example ：********** continuity 10 asterisk

To achieve this effect can be found in Command mode Next

1. Input 10, To repeat 10 Time
2. Input i Get into Edit mode
3. Input * That is, repeated words
4. Press down ESC Back to Command mode , After returning vi Will put the second 2、3 Repeat the two steps 10 Time

Tips ： In normal development , stay Before entering edit mode , Don't press the number

rehearse 2 —— utilize Visual block Add comments to multiple lines of code

• In development , You may encounter multiple lines of code at once Add notes The situation of

stay Python in , To add comments to the code , You can add a... In front of the code #

To achieve this effect can be found in Command mode Next

1. Move to the The first 1 Line code , Press ^ Come to the head of the line
2. Press CTRL + v Get into Visual block Pattern
3. Use j Select the lines of code you want to add in a row
4. Input I Get into Edit mode , And in Insert... At the beginning of the line , Be careful ： Be sure to use I
5. Input # That is, annotation symbols
6. Press down ESC Back to Command mode , After returning vi Every line of code that will be selected before front Insert #

05. Split screen command

• Belong to vi High order of —— Sure Edit and view multiple files at the same time

5.1 Last line command extension

Last command It is mainly for file operation ： preservation 、 sign out 、 preservation & sign out 、 Search for & Replace 、 Save another 、 newly build 、 browse files

command	english	function
:e .	edit	Will open the built-in file browser , Browse the files in the current directory
:n file name	new	New file
:w file name	write	Save as , But still edit the current file , Does not switch files

Tips ： Before switching files , You must ensure that the current file has been saved ！

• I have learned Last command ：

command	english	function
:w	write	preservation
:q	quit	sign out , If you don't save it , You are not allowed to exit
:q!	quit	To force out of , Exit without saving
:wq	write & quit	Save and exit
:x		Save and exit
:%s///gc		Confirm search and replace

In actual development , have access to w command Staged backup code

5.2 Split screen command

• Use Split screen command , Sure Edit and view multiple files at the same time

command	english	function
:sp [ file name ]	split	Increase split screen horizontally
:vsp [ file name ]	vertical split	Add split screen vertically

1) Switch the split screen window

Split windows are based on CTRL + W This shortcut is ,w The corresponding English word is window

command	english	function
w	window	Switch to the next window
r	reverse	Swap windows
c	close	Close the current window , But you can't close the last window
q	quit	Exit the current window , If it's the last window , Then close vi
o	other	Close other windows

2) Resize window

Split windows are based on CTRL + W This shortcut is ,w The corresponding English word is window

command	english	function
+		Increase window height
-		Reduce window height
>		Increase window width
<		Reduce window width
=		Bisect window size

The command to adjust the width and height of the window can be used with numbers , for example ：5 CTRL + W + continuity 5 Increase the height for times

06. Common command quick look up chart

vimrc

• vimrc yes vim Configuration file for , You can set vim Configuration of , Include ： Hot key 、 Color matching 、 Syntax highlighting 、 plug-in unit etc.
• Linux in vimrc There are two positions , The configuration files in the home directory have higher priority

/etc/vim/vimrc
~/.vimrc

• Common plug-ins are ：
  • Code completion
  • Code folding
  • Search for
  • Git Integrate
  • ……
• There are many experts on the Internet that have been configured for python Developed vimrc file , You can download it and use it directly , Or wait for everyone Linux After getting familiar with it , Relearn ！