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Unit test of boot
2022-06-26 18:49:00 【51CTO】
1、JUnit5 The change of
- Spring Boot 2.2.0 Version introduction JUnit 5 As the default library for unit tests
- As the latest version of JUnit frame ,JUnit5 With the previous version of Junit The framework is very different . It consists of several different modules of three different subprojects .
JUnit 5 = JUnit Platform + JUnit Jupiter + JUnit Vintage
- JUnit Platform: Junit Platform Is in JVM Start the Foundation of test framework , Not only support Junit Home made test engine , Other test engines can also be accessed .
- JUnit Jupiter: JUnit Jupiter Provides JUnit5 New programming model , yes JUnit5 The core of the new features . Inside Contains a Test engine , Used in Junit Platform Up operation .
- JUnit Vintage: because JUint It has developed for many years , in order to Compatible with old projects ,JUnit Vintage Provides compatibility JUnit4.x,Junit3.x The test engine .
- Be careful ：
- SpringBoot 2.4 The above version removes the default pair Vintage Dependence . If you need compatibility junit4 It needs to be introduced by itself （ Out of commission junit4 The function of @Test）
- JUnit 5’s Vintage Engine Removed from
spring-boot-starter-test, If you need to continue compatibility junit4 It needs to be introduced by itself vintage
introduce junit Scene launcher
add to vintage engine , For continued compatibility junit4
<
dependency
>
<
groupId
>org.junit.vintage
</
groupId
>
<
artifactId
>junit-vintage-engine
</
artifactId
>
<
scope
>test
</
scope
>
<
exclusions
>
<
exclusion
>
<
groupId
>org.hamcrest
</
groupId
>
<
artifactId
>hamcrest-core
</
artifactId
>
</
exclusion
>
</
exclusions
>
</
dependency
>
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Now the version ：
- before ：
- SpringBoot Integrate Junit5 in the future .
- @SpringBootTest Yes spring Some automatic injection and other functions
- Write test methods ：@Test mark （ Pay attention to the need to use junit5 Comments on the version ）
- Junit Class has Spring The function of ,@Autowired、 such as @Transactional Mark the test method , Automatically roll back after the test is completed
2、JUnit5 Commonly used annotations
JUnit5 The comments and JUnit4 The annotation of has changed
Official documents ： https://junit.org/junit5/docs/current/user-guide/#writing-tests-annotations
- @Test : The representation method is the test method . But with the JUnit4 Of @Test Different , His duties are very single and cannot declare any attributes , The extended test will be conducted by Jupiter Provide additional testing
- @ParameterizedTest : The representation method is parametric testing , There will be a detailed introduction below
- @RepeatedTest : The representation method is repeatable , There will be a detailed introduction below
- @DisplayName : Set the display name for the test class or test method
- @BeforeEach : Means to execute before each unit test
- @AfterEach : Means to execute after each unit test
- @BeforeAll : Means to execute before all unit tests
- @AfterAll : Means to execute after all unit tests
- @Tag : Represents the unit test category , Be similar to JUnit4 Medium @Categories
- @Disabled : Indicates that the test class or test method does not execute , Be similar to JUnit4 Medium @Ignore
- @Timeout : Indicates that the test method will return an error if it exceeds the specified time
- @ExtendWith : Provide extension class references for test classes or test methods
// Join in springboot The function of , load springboot Whole
(
"junit5 unit testing ")
public
class
junit5Text1 {
UserServiceImpl
userServiceImpl;
(
" Test method 1 ")
public
void
text(){
System.
out.
println(
" ha-ha ");
}
(
" Test method 2 ")
// Disable this method , Will not run
public
void
text1(){
System.
out.
println(
" ha-ha ");
}
// Each unit test method is run before
void
text2(){
System.
out.
println(
" The test is about to begin ！！");
}
// After each unit test method is completed, it will run
void
text3() {
System.
out.
println(
" The test is over ！！");
}
// All unit tests will be run before
// Static method
// When running a unit test , Front and back runs
static
void
text4() {
System.
out.
printf(
" All the tests started ！！");
}
// Run after all unit tests are completed
static
void
text5() {
System.
out.
println(
" All tests are over ！！");
}
// If the specified time is exceeded, a timeout exception error will be returned
(
value
=
500,
unit
=
TimeUnit.
MILLISECONDS)
//value Is the value ,unit In units of
void
text6() {
try {
Thread.
sleep(
600);
}
catch (
InterruptedException
e) {
e.
printStackTrace();
}
}
void
text7() {
System.
out.
println(
userServiceImpl);
}
// Repeat test notes
(
5)
// Repeat the number
void
text8() {
System.
out.
println(
"a");
}
}
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3、 Assertion （assertions）
- Assertion （assertions） Is the core part of the test method , It is used to verify the conditions that the test needs to meet .
- Check whether the data returned by the business logic is reasonable .
- After all the test runs , There will be a detailed test report ;
- The previous assertion failed , Later assertions will not execute
- These assertion methods are org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions Static method of .
- JUnit 5 Built in assertions can be divided into the following categories ：
- Simple assertion 、 Combine assertions 、 Array assertion 、 Exception assertion 、 Assertion timeout 、 Fast failure
1、 Simple assertion
Used for simple validation of a single value . Such as ：
Method | explain |
assertEquals | Determine whether two objects or two primitive types are equal |
assertNotEquals | Determine whether two objects or two primitive types are not equal |
assertSame | Determine whether two object references point to the same object |
assertNotSame | Judge whether two object references point to different objects |
assertTrue | Determines whether the given Boolean value is true |
assertFalse | Determines whether the given Boolean value is false |
assertNull | Determine whether the given object reference is null |
assertNotNull | Determine whether the given object reference is not null |
(
"simple assertion")
public
void
simple() {
assertEquals(
3,
1
+
2,
"simple math");
assertNotEquals(
3,
1
+
1);
assertNotSame(
new
Object(),
new
Object());
Object
obj
=
new
Object();
assertSame(
obj,
obj);
assertFalse(
1
>
2);
assertTrue(
1
<
2);
assertNull(
null);
assertNotNull(
new
Object());
}
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2、 Array assertion
adopt assertArrayEquals Method to determine whether two objects or arrays of primitive types are equal
3、 Combine assertions
assertAll Method accepts multiple org.junit.jupiter.api.Executable An instance of a functional interface as an assertion to verify , Can pass lambda Expressions can easily provide these assertions
4、 Exception assertion
stay JUnit4 period , When you want to test the exception of a method , Need to use @Rule Annotated ExpectedException Variables are still troublesome . and JUnit5 Provides a new assertion method Assertions.assertThrows() , It can be used with functional programming .
5、 Assertion timeout
Junit5 It also provides Assertions.assertTimeout() Set timeout for test method
6、 Fast failure
adopt fail（） Method directly causes the test to fail
4、 precondition （assumptions）
- JUnit 5 Preconditions in （assumptions【 hypothesis 】） Similar to assertions ,
- The different assertion is that Unsatisfied assertions will cause the test method to fail , Not satisfied Preconditions only terminate the execution of the test method .
- Preconditions can be regarded as the premise of test method execution , When the premise is not satisfied , There is no need to continue .
(
" precondition ")
public
class
AssumptionsTest {
private
final
String
environment
=
"DEV";
(
"simple")
public
void
simpleAssume() {
assumeTrue(
Objects.
equals(
this.
environment,
"DEV"));
assumeFalse(()
->
Objects.
equals(
this.
environment,
"PROD"));
}
(
"assume then do")
public
void
assumeThenDo() {
assumingThat(
Objects.
equals(
this.
environment,
"DEV"),
()
->
System.
out.
println(
"In DEV")
);
}
}
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- assumeTrue and assumFalse Ensure that the given condition is true or false, Failure to meet the conditions will cause the test execution to terminate
- assumingThat The parameters of are Boolean values representing conditions and corresponding Executable Interface implementation object .
- Only when the conditions are met ,Executable Object will be executed ; When conditions are not met , Test execution does not terminate .
5、 Nested tests
- JUnit 5 Can pass Java Inner classes in and @Nested Annotations implement nested tests , So we can better organize the relevant test methods together .
- You can use... In inner classes @BeforeEach and @AfterEach annotation , And there is no limit to the level of nesting .
- Method execution outside the inner class , Will not execute inner classes @BeforeEach and @AfterEach Method
- Method execution in inner class , It will drive the outside @BeforeEach and @AfterEach Method , It will also drive the @BeforeEach and @AfterEach Method
(
"A stack")
class
TestingAStackDemo {
Stack
<
Object
>
stack;
(
"is instantiated with new Stack()")
void
isInstantiatedWithNew() {
new
Stack
<>();
}
(
"when new")
class
WhenNew {
void
createNewStack() {
stack
=
new
Stack
<>();
}
(
"is empty")
void
isEmpty() {
assertTrue(
stack.
isEmpty());
}
(
"throws EmptyStackException when popped")
void
throwsExceptionWhenPopped() {
assertThrows(
EmptyStackException.
class,
stack::
pop);
}
(
"throws EmptyStackException when peeked")
void
throwsExceptionWhenPeeked() {
assertThrows(
EmptyStackException.
class,
stack::
peek);
}
(
"after pushing an element")
class
AfterPushing {
String
anElement
=
"an element";
void
pushAnElement() {
stack.
push(
anElement);
}
(
"it is no longer empty")
void
isNotEmpty() {
assertFalse(
stack.
isEmpty());
}
(
"returns the element when popped and is empty")
void
returnElementWhenPopped() {
assertEquals(
anElement,
stack.
pop());
assertTrue(
stack.
isEmpty());
}
(
"returns the element when peeked but remains not empty")
void
returnElementWhenPeeked() {
assertEquals(
anElement,
stack.
peek());
assertFalse(
stack.
isEmpty());
}
}
}
}
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6、 Parametric testing
- Parametric testing is JUnit5 An important new feature , It makes it possible to run tests multiple times with different parameters , It also brings a lot of convenience to our unit testing .@ParameterizedTest Specifies that the current method is a parameterized method
- utilize @ValueSource Etc , Specify input parameters , We will be able to do multiple unit tests with different parameters , Instead of adding a unit test every time a parameter is added , It saves a lot of redundant code .
- @ValueSource : Specify the input parameter source for parameterized tests , Support eight basic categories and String type ,Class class
- @NullSource : Representation provides a... For parameterized testing null Input
- @EnumSource : Represents an enumeration input parameter for parameterized testing
- @CsvFileSource ： Indicates to read the specified CSV File content as parametric test input parameter
- @MethodSource ： Read the return value of the specified method as the parameterized test input parameter ( Note that the method return needs to be a stream )
Of course, if the parametric test can only specify ordinary input parameters, it can not reach the point that makes me feel amazing . What makes me really feel his strength is that he can support all kinds of external participation . Such as :CSV,YML,JSON Files and even the return value of a method can be used as input parameters . Just need to realize ArgumentsProvider Interface , Any external file can be its input parameter .
// The current test method is parameterized test
(
strings
= {
"one",
"two",
"three"})
// Parameter passing , Pass a parameter to execute the method once
(
" Parametric testing 1")
public
void
parameterizedTest1(
String
string) {
System.
out.
println(
string);
Assertions.
assertTrue(
StringUtils.
isNotBlank(
string));
}
(
"method")
// Specify the method name
(
" Method source parameter ")
public
void
testWithExplicitLocalMethodSource(
String
name) {
System.
out.
println(
name);
Assertions.
assertNotNull(
name);
}
static
Stream
<
String
>
method() {
return
Stream.
of(
"apple",
"banana");
}
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7、 Migration guide
from junit4 The following changes should be noted during migration ：
- Annotations in org.junit.jupiter.api In bag , Assertion in org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions Class , The precondition is org.junit.jupiter.api.Assumptions Class .
- hold @Before and @After Replace with @BeforeEach and @AfterEach.
- hold @BeforeClass and @AfterClass Replace with @BeforeAll and @AfterAll.
- hold @Ignore Replace with @Disabled.
- hold @Category Replace with @Tag.
- hold @RunWith、 @Rule and @ClassRule Replace with @ExtendWith.
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