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NAT基本原理与私有IP
2022-07-28 04:25:00 【疯狂的技术爱好者】
公有IP地址:
也叫全局地址,是指合法的IP地址,它是由NIC(⽹络信息中⼼)或者ISP(⽹络服务提供商)分配的地址,对外代表⼀个或多个内部局部地址,是全球统⼀的可寻 址的地址。
私有IP地址:
也叫内部地址,属于⾮注册地址,专门为组织机构内部使⽤。因特⽹分配编号委员会(IANA)保留了3块IP地址做为私有IP地址:
10.0.0.0 ——— 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0——— 172.16.255.255
192.168.0.0———192.168.255.255
地址池:地址池是有⼀些外部地址(全球唯⼀的IP地址)组合⽽成,我们称这样的⼀个地址集合为地址池。在内部⽹络的数据包通过地址转换到达外部⽹络时,将会在地址池中选择某个IP地址作为数据包的源IP地址,这样可以有效的利⽤⽤户的外部地址,提⾼访问外部⽹络的能⼒。
NAT介绍
NAT英⽂全称是“Network Address Translation”,中⽂意思是“⽹络地址转换”,它是⼀个IETF(Internet Engineering Task Force, Internet⼯程任务组)标准,允许⼀个整体机构以⼀个公⽤IP(Internet Protocol)地址出现在Internet上。顾名思义,它是⼀种把内部私有⽹络地址(IP地址)翻译成合法⽹络IP地址的技术
NAT分类
NAT可以分为三种类型:
静态NAT(Static NAT)
动态地址NAT(Pooled NAT)
⽹络地址端⼝转换NAPT(Port-Level NAT)
静态NAT
静态转换是指将内部⽹络的私有IP地址转换为公有IP地址,IP地址对是⼀对⼀的,是⼀成不变的,某个私有IP地址只转换为某个公有IP地址。借助于静态转换,可以实现外部⽹络对内部⽹络中某些特定设备(如服务器)的访问。
动态NAT
动态转换(亦称NAT pool)是指不建⽴内部地址和全局地址的⼀对⼀的固定对应关系。⽽通过共享NAT地址池的IP地址动态建⽴NAT的映射关系。当内⽹主机需要进⾏NAT地址转换时,路由器会在NAT地址池中选择空闲的全局地址进⾏映射,每条映射记录是动态建⽴的,在连接终⽌时也被收回。
⽹络地址端⼝转换NAPT
⽹络地址端⼝转换NAPT(Network Address Port Translation)则是把内部地址映射到外部⽹络的⼀个IP地址的不同端⼝上。它可以将中⼩型的⽹络隐藏在⼀个合法的IP地址后⾯。NAPT与 动态地址NAT不同,它将内部连接映射到外部⽹络中的⼀个单独的IP地址上,同时在该地址上加上⼀个由NAT设备选定的端⼝号。
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