Learning notes of software testing -- theoretical knowledge of software testing

1. What is software ？
   Software is a computer program 、 A collection of data used by the program and related documentation .
   Software can be divided into two categories ： System software and application software .

2. What is system software ？
   The system software is generated 、 A set of files and programs needed to prepare and execute other programs .
   Such as ： operating system Windows、 database SQL-Server、 The driver 、Java Language system, compiler environment, etc .

3. What is application software ？
   Computer users buy to solve some specific problems 、 Various programs or software packages developed or developed .
   Such as ：QQ、 WeChat, etc. .

4. What is? C/S framework ？
   Client/Server, The client side / Server architecture .
   C/S Architecture software has one feature , If users want to use this type of product , You need to download a client , After installation, you can use .
   Such as ：QQ Such as software .

5. What is? B/S framework ？
   Browser/Server, Browser / Server architecture .
   Browser refer to Web browser , B/S Architecture type products do not need special installation , You can access it through a browser .

6. What is software testing ？
   1983 year ,IEEE Put forward the standard terminology of software engineering , Define software testing as ： The process of running or testing a system by manual or automatic means , Its purpose is to test whether it meets the specified requirements or to find out the difference between the expected result and the actual result .

7. What is a white box test ？
   Test method based on software internal design and program implementation .
   Not only focus on whether the input and output results are correct , But also how does the program handle it .

8. What is a black box test ？
   Black box testing refers to not paying attention to the processing logic inside the program during the testing process , Focus only on input and output .
   If you enter a test data , The output is correct , I think this function is correct , Also called data-driven testing .

9. What is a grey box test ？
   A test between white box test and black box test , Grey box testing is mostly used in the integration testing stage , It's not just about output 、 The correctness of the input , At the same time, we also pay attention to the internal situation of the program , Through some representational phenomena 、 event 、 Flag to determine the internal operation state .

10. What is dynamic testing ？
    It refers to the actual running of the tested program , Input the corresponding test data , The process of checking whether the actual output matches the expected result , So judge whether a test belongs to dynamic test , The only standard is to see if the program is running .

11. What is static testing ？
    Do not run the software under test , It's just checking the program code statically 、 The process of possible errors in an interface or document ,

12. What is manual testing ？
    Manually input test data one by one , Then a test to see whether it meets the expected results , It belongs to a relatively elementary but very common test method .

13. What is automated testing ？
    A testing method that transforms human driven testing behavior into machine execution , Replace labor with tools or code , In order to save a lot of labor costs and time costs .

14. What is functional testing ？
    Test whether the function of the software meets the requirements , Black box test method is usually used , Generally, it is performed by testers independently .

15. What is interface testing ？
    Also known as UI test , Test whether the user interface layout is reasonable , Is the overall style consistent , Whether the interface text is correct , Whether the naming is uniform , Is the page beautiful , written words 、 Whether the picture combination is perfect, etc .

16. What is security testing ？
    The process of verifying the security level of an application and identifying potential security defects .
    Its purpose is to find out the potential safety hazards in the program design of the software itself , And check the application's ability to prevent illegal intrusion .

17. What is compatibility testing ？
    Compatibility testing refers to checking that the software under test is on different hardware platforms 、 Between different applications 、 In different operating systems 、 A test of whether it can work normally in different network environments .

18. What is usability testing ？
    This test method , Not to test whether the software can work , But to test whether the software is easy to use , Is the user's learning cost high , So the subjectivity is strong .
    Generally, the feedback information should be based on the test of multiple users , To evaluate whether ease of use is good or not .

19. What is smoke test ？
    This technique is derived from hardware testing ： When testing a hardware or hardware component , Power up directly first , If it smokes , Then there is no need to carry out subsequent tests .
    In software testing , Smoking test is to test every compiled software version , Confirm that its function is normal , To determine whether the subsequent formal test work can be carried out .

20. What is regression testing ？
    It refers to the correction of errors or software functions 、 Retesting after environmental changes , Indeed, the modified part will not affect other functions .

21. What is unit testing ？
    Mainly test program code , To ensure that a unit module is compiled correctly , For example, there are module specific tests , There are also classes , function 、 Method test, etc , It is generally self tested by developers .

22. What is integration testing ？
    After unit testing , Combine the units into a complete system , Test whether the interface between software units is correct 、 Test whether data can be transferred normally .

23. What is system testing ？
    Build up the software system , As required in the software specification , Test the function of the software 、 Whether the performance is consistent with the user's needs , Whether there are loopholes in the system .

24. What is acceptance testing ？
    When users get the software , At the site of use , According to the requirements mentioned above , And specifications to do the corresponding tests , To ensure that the software achieves the desired effect .

25. What is? Alpha test ？
    An early user test , Software products have just been developed in the early stage , The company organizes employees and some users , Simulate the real user operating environment for testing .

26. What is? Beta test ？
    A post user test , At this time, the system has passed the internal test , Most of the mistakes have been corrected , It will be officially released soon .
    Release versions in one or more real user environments , To test .

27. What is the software life cycle ？
    Software life cycle （Systems Development LifeCycle） It refers to the various stages of software from the beginning of development to the final abandonment .
    At different stages , Different organizations and people perform different tasks .

28. What is a waterfall model ？
    It will be in the software life cycle “ Problem definition and planning ”、“ Demand analysis ”、“ software design ”、“ Program code ”、“ software test ” and “ Operation and maintenance ” Six basic activities , Specify several stages of work connected in a fixed sequence , It's like a waterfall , Finally get the software product .

29. What is? V Model ？
    V The model includes these stages ： The user needs 、 Demand analysis 、 Outline design 、 Detailed design 、 Software coding 、 unit testing 、 Integration testing 、 The system test 、 The acceptance test .
    Because its model composition looks like letters V , So it is also called software testing V Model . It is an important model in the process of software development , It shortens the development cycle by developing and testing at the same time , Improve development efficiency .

30. What is? W Model ？
    W The model adds verification and validation activities that are carried out synchronously in the four stages of software development , By two V The font model consists of , They represent the testing and development process respectively .
    Testing activities are synchronized with software development , The object of the test is not just the program , It also includes requirements and Design , Software defects can be found as soon as possible , So as to reduce the cost of software development .

31. What is? X Model ？
    X The model is right V The model is not conducive to the improvement of the shortcomings of iteration , Propose coding and testing for separate program segments , After that, through frequent handover , Through integration, it is finally synthesized into executable programs , Then test these executable programs .

32. What is? H Model ？
    stay H In the model , The process activities of software testing are completed independently , Formed a completely independent process , Throughout the whole product cycle , Concurrent with other processes , After a test point is ready, it can proceed from the test preparation stage to the test execution stage .

33. What is a prototype model ？
    It allows the preliminary incomplete analysis and definition of software requirements in the requirements analysis stage , It is necessary to quickly build an allowable software system prototype , Show users all or part of the functions and performance of the software to be developed .

34. What is a spiral model ？
    Adopt a cyclical approach to system development , Use the waterfall model method at each project stage . Each cycle of this model includes the definition of requirements 、 risk analysis 、 Engineering realization and review 4 Stages , From here 4 Iterations in stages .
    The software development process does not iterate once , Software development goes to another level .

35. What is agile development model ？
    It's a human centered 、 iteration 、 Step by step development method , Divide a large project into multiple interconnected projects , But small projects that can also run independently , And do it separately , In the process, the software is always available .
    This is the most popular model for Internet companies .

36. What is a development environment ？
    The environment that developers use when developing , Each developer works on his own branch , Before testing or developing a certain program , You developers will merge code , Carry out joint commissioning .

37. What is a test environment ？
    Test the working environment , Generally, the test will deploy by itself , Then test in this environment .
    bug After repair , You need to update the test environment to verify bug And do regression test .

38. What is the pre production environment ？
    Transition from test environment to production environment .
    The test environment may be limited , Some processes or data are not tested , It can be verified in the pre release environment , So as to ensure the on-line quality of products .

39. What is a build environment ？
    Online environment , Environment used by real users .
    To be maintained by a specific person , Ordinary people have no authority to modify .

40. What are test requirements ？
    The test requirements mainly address “ What to measure ” The problem of , Generally, it comes from the original requirements in the requirements specification .
    The test requirements should completely cover the defined business processes , And functional and non functional requirements .

41. What is the equivalence class division method ？
    Equivalence class partition method is a typical 、 Important black box test methods , An equivalence class is a subset of an input field .
    In this subset , All input data is equivalent to exposing errors in the software , It is generally divided into effective equivalence classes and invalid equivalence classes .

42. What is boundary value analysis ？
    The boundary value analysis method is a supplement to the equivalence class division method , Boundary values are generally found from the edge values of equivalence classes .
    The basic idea of boundary value analysis ： It's exactly the same as 、 Just bigger than 、 Just below the boundary as test data .

43. What is the scene method ？
    Business process or business logic described by scenario , It also includes code implementation logic , Design use cases to traverse scenarios , Verify the correctness of software system functions .

44. What is wrong speculation ？
    Based on experience and intuition, we can infer all kinds of possible errors in the program , So as to write a method to check these error test cases .
    It has three elements , Respectively ： Experience 、 knowledge 、 intuition .

45. What is a cause and effect diagram ？
    Cause and effect diagram is cause and effect analysis diagram , Find out the cause from the description of the program （ Input condition ） Heguo （ A change in output or program state ）, Draw a cause and effect diagram , And convert it into a decision table through the cause and effect diagram .
    It is suitable for checking various combinations of program input conditions .

46. What is the decision table method ？
    The decision table also becomes the decision table , Can represent the combination of input conditions , And the result combination corresponding to each input combination .
    Similar to cause and effect diagram method , The decision table method mainly focuses on the logical relationship between input conditions , It is generally used together with cause and effect diagram .

47. What is orthogonal experiment ？
    From a lot of （ experiment ） data （ Test case ） Choose the right amount of 、 Representative points , So as to reasonably arrange a scientific experiment design method .
    Similar methods include ： Cluster analysis method 、 Factor analysis method .

48. What is software bug ？
    The narrow concept refers to the vulnerability or defect of software program ;
    The broad concept is that in addition to this, it also includes the details of software improvements found and proposed by test engineers or users , Or the function realization which is different from the requirement document .

49. What is a test case ？
    The test case （TestCase） Is a set of test inputs written for project requirements 、 Execution conditions and expected results , In order to test whether a program meets the needs of customers .

50. What is a test plan ？
    test plan , Describe the scope of testing activities to be carried out 、 Method 、 Documentation of resources and progress , It identifies test items 、 Tested characteristics 、 Test task 、 Who performs the task 、 All kinds of possible risks , It can effectively prevent the risks of the project , Ensure the smooth implementation of the project .

51. What is a test report ？
    A test report is to document the process and results of a test , Analyze the problems and defects found , Provide the basis for correcting the quality problems of software , At the same time, lay the foundation for software acceptance and delivery .