Peter Drucker: what kind of teacher is a real teacher?

Personal understanding ：
A real teacher , Will inspire students to learn , With a method to guide students to learn , Cultivate self-discipline 、 The ability to direct oneself , Guide them to speak or do , Try to break through
Use teaching methods 、 Guide students to learn
“ Teach ” It's a gift ,“ Study ” Is a skill . Learning is deeply rooted in everyone , Humans and all living things learn in certain ways “ Learning body ”.
For a real teacher , There are no so-called bad students 、 Stupid students , Or lazy students , There are only good teachers and bad teachers
-- There is an old saying in China , The trouble with people is to be a good teacher , It means that a person's malady is that he likes to be a teacher of others . Has been unable to understand its meaning , Because division has always been a great and sacred profession , Later I read a book about “ Strong ”、“ accuse ”、“ Discipline ” The explanation of , A true teacher is not a teacher , But being respected as a teacher by others . As this article says , Guide rather than preach .

Peter · Drucker ： What kind of teacher is the real teacher ？

Peter · Drucker ： What kind of teacher is the real teacher ？

For two thousand years , We have been debating “ teach ” And “ learn ”, It belongs to “ Cognitive ” still “ Acting ” Category . This is really a senseless war . Actually , Both are , It's another thing , That's enthusiasm . No matter teaching or learning , They are all enthusiastic , One is an inborn enthusiast , The other is a person who is intoxicated with enthusiasm and cannot extricate himself . For a real teacher , There are no so-called bad students 、 Stupid students , Or lazy students , There are only good teachers and bad teachers .

I've been looking for a real teacher .
I spared no effort in visiting their figures , Observe the way they teach , And get endless fun from it . As soon as I heard who was “ Master level ” Teacher , Just try to sneak into the teacher's class to listen 、 watch . If you can't get in , Also try to ask students , Look at how the teacher taught , Where did he succeed . therefore , these years ,“ Teaching observation ” It has always been my favorite . It's like watching a wonderful sports game , There will be no cold show . so far , The interest in this kind of observation is no less than that in the past .

Students can always tell whether a teacher is good or bad
One thing , I knew it when I was very young , That is, students can always recognize the good and bad teachers . There are only second rate teachers , But the tongue is full of lotus , Wit and humor , Therefore, it left a deep impression on the students ; Some are well-known scholars , But not a particularly good teacher . however , Students can always identify first-class teachers . First class teachers are not always popular , in fact , A teacher who is very popular with students , It does not necessarily have an impact on students . however , If a student talks about having a teacher's class ：“ We learned a lot .” Such words can be trusted , Because they know what a good teacher is .
I also found ,“ teacher ” It is not easy to define . Or say ,“ What are the factors of effective teaching ” Questions like this , There is no answer . I have never seen two teachers doing exactly the same thing , Every teacher has his own unique way of expression . The way to make a teacher first-rate , It seems to be completely useless for another teacher , And another teacher may not use this method . This phenomenon is really puzzling , I am still puzzled .

A good teacher is like a show host
Some teachers are good at teaching advanced courses , Some teachers are more suitable for teaching beginners . Modern dance master Martha • Graham （Martha Graham） He is a very good teacher , Whether a beginner or a successful dancer , She teaches very well , And they use the same teaching method . Some teachers are good at large classes , Lecture in front of many students . Fuller's class is full of 2000 A student , You can continue 7 I listened to him dumbfounded for hours . A good teacher is like a show host , They need the audience . Other teachers teach by writing , Not in spoken English . The American General Marshall of the second world war is an example , General Motors No 8 President Ren Sloane is also . Sloane's letter , Also collected in his reprinted book 《 My years at GM 》（My Years with General Motors） among , This book is also the masterpiece of teaching . Of course , St Paul, who taught us the Christian tradition , And the greatest teacher , He taught posterity by letters .
The performer's ability and the teacher's ability , It doesn't seem relevant ; Research knowledge and teaching , Or between skill and teaching , It's not related . Oppenheimer is an outstanding management talent , But failed to join the theory of relativity 、 Among the great men of quantum physics and atomic physics , But he is a gifted teacher , Stimulate the creativity of the younger generation of American physicists , Make them glow . A man like me who knows nothing about physics , Listen to his lecture at Princeton , I also feel like a magnificent mountain emerges in front of me 、 The sea . Haydn 、 When Mozart and Beethoven were in Vienna , Also taught by a great teacher —— Anton Diabelli （Diabelli）, And what he left to future generations is nothing but some boring finger etudes . The next generation of famous teachers is not Schumann 、 Brahms 、 Wagner , Nor Liszt 、 Berlioz , These are only good teachers , The real famous teacher is Schumann's widow Clara , She is the greatest piano teacher of all time .
adopt “ Teaching observation ”, I concluded very early ： There is no certain type of teacher , There is no completely correct teaching method —— Teaching is like a gift , Like Beethoven 、 Lubens, Einstein and other natural wizards ; Teaching is a personal trait , It has nothing to do with technique or practice .

A real teacher , Will inspire students to learn
Many years later , I found another kind of teacher . A more correct statement would be , They will inspire students to learn . The reason why they can do this , Not because they have special talents , But with a method to guide students to learn . Just like Miss Elsa, my fourth grade teacher . They explore the strengths of each student , And set short-term and long-range goals for them , Take them to the next level . then , And then we will take countermeasures against each student's weakness , Make them use their strengths , Not to be held back by weak points . These teachers also enable students to get considerable feedback from their own performance , And then cultivate self-discipline 、 The ability to direct oneself . Such a teacher will most likely encourage students , Instead of just criticizing , But they also don't abuse praise , So as not to lose the stimulating effect . They think the main reward for students , It's a sense of satisfaction and accomplishment . They didn't “ teach ” Student , It is to design learning methods for students . Because it always takes a one-on-one approach , This teaching method is applicable to almost every student . therefore , Teaching does not mean the knowledge of a subject , Or so-called “ Communication skills ”, It's a trait .
For a teacher like Miss Sophie , Teaching is related to personality traits ; As for Miss Elsa , Teaching is a method . Natural teachers and teachers who use teaching methods , There is another similarity ： They are all very responsible . In terms of results , These two methods are almost the same .
The final product of teaching is not what the teacher gets , It's what students learn . Elsa and Miss Sophie both inspire students to learn . On this point , It is after I have observed the teaching of other teachers for several years , Just aware of . I began to pay attention to other people's teaching , Is in 1942 year , When I started teaching at Bennington College . There are so many teachers in the world , Each is different . Take Fromm for example , He is in group teaching , Is really one of the best , His individual teaching , But it's just sloppy , If you have classes in a lecture hall , The effect is even worse . Neutra in the architecture department was later replaced —— If the object of teaching is an architect , He is arguably the best teacher , However, as far as the introductory course of architecture in the College of Arts and Sciences is concerned , What he said is really incomprehensible . Over the years , He left Bennington College with frustration , Go back to being an architect .

Some are not “ A master teacher ”  But it can teach “ A master student ”
Among the colleagues in the school , I know several people who can use the teaching method quite well , Guide students to learn . Most typical , It's the other one “ Martha ”—— Martha, who teaches modern dance • hill （Martha Hill）. And Martha • Graham's difference is , She is not a great dancer herself , There are no particularly attractive qualities , Not like Martha • Graham started his class , The whole class was awed by it . She is so humble , Standing in the crowd , No one can recognize her , But what her students can learn from her , No less than from Martha • From Graham , Maybe more . And the students agreed that her ability as a teacher , Compared with “ The master ” Martha • Graham is no less . Martha • Hill used , It is a kind of teaching method , That's what Miss Elsa, who taught me in the fourth grade, did . She spent days or weeks observing the students' performance , Think about the abilities of each student , What should they do . She designed a set of courses for every student , Then let the students develop themselves , I just watch . She also constantly urged the students to make breakthroughs where they had done well . She always has a pleasant face , But I don't often praise students , Of course, if students do well , She will still let them know . There is another man who is recognized as the most outstanding teacher in Bennington College , He is the famous Fergie who studies Dante （Francis Ferguson）, However, he is not “ Teachers' ”, It's the designer of the learning program . however , As soon as the student comes out of his class , His eyes were all shining with excitement —— Not for Ferguson , But for him to guide them to say or do . Another successful ceramic artist in teaching method, musesio （Hertha Moselsio） In the same way . She is a tall German woman , Adhere to impeccable skills , And ask students not to be complacent because of their current achievements , We must try to break through .

Teaching is a gift
There are two very different kinds of teachers ： One is gifted , The other is to design learning courses for students , Focus on methods . Teaching is a gift , Natural teachers can improve themselves and become better teachers ; A method oriented teacher , There is a set of learning methods applicable to almost everyone . in fact , Natural teachers use a little more teaching methods , You can be a great teacher , You can also become an omnipotent master . Whether it's in the lecture hall 、 Group teaching 、 Teach beginners or instruct students who have already made considerable progress , Can be happy and competent .
Miss Sophie has the charm of a natural teacher , And miss Elsa has her own way ; Miss Sophie enlightened the students , Miss Elsa taught us skills ; Miss Sophie conveyed her dream to us , And miss Elsa led us to learn —— Miss Sophie is a teacher , Miss Elsa, on the other hand, is a person who uses teaching methods . This distinction does not make the ancient Greek philosophers —— Socrates —— A big surprise . Traditionally , Socrates is also called a great teacher . Call it that , He himself should have no opinion . however , He never said he was a teacher , In fact, he is also a teacher who uses teaching methods 、 A person who guides students in their study .

What the teacher taught was not “ Discipline ” It is “ Learning methods ”
Socrates' method is not “ Teaching methods ”, It is “ The way of learning ”, A specially designed learning method . Socrates' criticism of sophistry , It is because they are too strong on the side of adjustment , And that the teacher taught “ Discipline ”. Socrates thinks this view is meaningless , He thought ： What the teacher taught was not “ Discipline ”, It is “ Learning methods ”, Students learn the knowledge of the subject .“ learn ” Is fruitful ,“ teach ” Is false . This view made him the Apollonian myth “ The wisest man in Greece ”. However , For the past twothousand years , The sophistry school that advocates that teaching is teachable , Has always been the mainstream . Their final victory was the blind creed of American higher education , Think of a doctorate or a deep study of a subject , Is a prerequisite for teaching . not so bad , Sophists can lead , Only the West . Teachers in other cultures are not like the Sophists in the West . The teacher in Hindi is “ Master ”, That is, the spiritual teacher . these “ Master ” It's natural , Not the day after tomorrow ; His authority does not come from the study of a university discipline , But from the spirit . similarly , What the Japanese call “ sir ” There is “ The master ” It means , It doesn't just mean teachers . But in Western tradition , We regard teaching as a skill and forget Socrates' words ：“ Teach ” It's a gift ,“ Study ” Is a skill . until 20 century , We just rediscovered Socrates' right “ teach ” And “ learn ” The definition of . In the past 100 Over the years , Because we study more carefully than before “ Study ” This subject , So we can recognize Socrates' words again . We found that , Learning is deeply rooted in everyone , Humans and all living things learn in certain ways “ Learning body ”.

Good teacher , From the beginning, I was full of enthusiasm
After a whole century of research , Our understanding of learning , Still not as good as Miss Elsa , But we know , What she knows and does is right , And it applies to everyone . From the time of Socrates to the present , For two thousand years , We have been debating “ teach ” And “ learn ”, It belongs to “ Cognitive ” still “ Acting ” Category . This is really a senseless war . Actually , Both are , It's another thing , That's enthusiasm . A natural teacher is full of enthusiasm from the beginning ; The teacher who is good at using the teaching method when the students have some understanding , And get enthusiasm .
The thoughtful smile on the student's face , More addictive than any drug or drug . The teacher himself taught boring words , The classroom is like a plague , Both teaching and learning will be greatly hindered —— This disease , Only “ Enthusiasm ” Can save . Teaching and learning , Like Platonic love , Plato 《 Drinking 》 Love in . Everyone has a noble Plato Pegasus in his heart , From teaching or learning , To find a partner . For natural teachers , Enthusiasm is in them ; For teachers who use teaching methods , You can see enthusiasm in students . however , No matter teaching or learning , They are all enthusiastic , One is an inborn enthusiast , The other is a person who is intoxicated with enthusiasm and cannot extricate himself .
Natural teachers and teachers who use teaching methods have another thing in common ： They are all very responsible . For a real teacher , There are no so-called bad students 、 Stupid students , Or lazy students , There are only good teachers and bad teachers .