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正态分布(高斯分布)
2022-06-13 04:29:00 【zxm8513】
正态分布(Normal distribution),也称“常态分布”,又名高斯分布(Gaussian distribution),最早由棣莫弗(Abraham de Moivre)在求二项分布的渐近公式中得到。C.F.高斯在研究测量误差时从另一个角度导出了它。P.S.拉普拉斯和高斯研究了它的性质。是一个在数学、物理及工程等领域都非常重要的概率分布,在统计学的许多方面有着重大的影响力。
正态曲线呈钟型,两头低,中间高,左右对称因其曲线呈钟形,因此人们又经常称之为钟形曲线。
若随机变量X服从一个数学期望为μ、方差为σ2的正态分布,记为N(μ,σ2)。其概率密度函数为正态分布的期望值μ决定了其位置,其标准差σ决定了分布的幅度。当μ = 0,σ = 1时的正态分布是标准正态分布。
高斯分布重要量的性质
密度函数关于平均值对称平均值是它的众数(statistical mode)以及中位数(median)函数曲线下68.268949%的面积,在平均值左右的一个标准差范围内95.449974%的面积,在平均值左右两个标准差2σ的范围内99.730020%的面积,在平均值左右三个标准差3σ的范围,其中第3-5条称为68-95-99.7法则。举一个例子:
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