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【点云处理之论文狂读前沿版13】—— GAPNet: Graph Attention based Point Neural Network for Exploiting Local Feature
2022-07-03 08:53:00 【LingbinBu】
GAPNet: Graph Attention based Point Neural Network for Exploiting Local Feature of Point Cloud
摘要
- 方法: 本文提出一种新的用于point cloud神经网络GAPNet,通过将graph attention mechanism嵌入到stacked Multi-Layer-Perceptron (MLP) layers中学习point cloud的局部几何表示
- 引入GAPLayer,通过强调邻域的不同权重学习每个点的attention features
- 利用multi-head mechanism,能够让GAPLayer从单独的head聚合不同的特征
- 在邻域中提出attention pooling layer得到local signature,用于提高网络的鲁棒性
- 代码:TenserFlow版本
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方法
记 X = { x i ∈ R F , i = 1 , 2 , … , N } X=\left\{x_{i} \in \mathbb{R}^{F}, i=1,2, \ldots, N\right\} X={ xi∈RF,i=1,2,…,N}为输入point cloud set,本文中, F = 3 F=3 F=3,表示坐标 ( x , y , z ) (x, y, z) (x,y,z)。
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GAPLayer
Local structure representation
考虑到真实应用中的point cloud数量很庞大,所以利用 k k k-nearest neighbor构造有向 graph G = ( V , E ) G=(V, E) G=(V,E),其中 V = { 1 , 2 , … , N } V=\{1,2, \ldots, N\} V={ 1,2,…,N}表示节点, E ⊆ V × N i E \subseteq V \times N_{i} E⊆V×Ni表示边, N i N_{i} Ni表示点 x i x_{i} xi的邻域集合。定义边特征为 y i j = ( x i − x i j ) y_{i j}=\left(x_{i}-x_{i j}\right) yij=(xi−xij),其中 i ∈ V , j ∈ N i i \in V, j \in N_{i} i∈V,j∈Ni, x i j x_{i j} xij表示 x i x_{i} xi的neighboring point x j x_{j} xj。
Single-head GAPLayer
Single-head GAPLayer的结构见图2(b)。
为了给每个neighbors分配注意力,分别提出了self-attention mechanism和neighboring-attention mechanism来获得每个点到其neighbors的注意力系数,如图1所示。具体而言,self-attention mechanism通过考虑每个点的self-geometric information学习self-coefficients;neighboring-attention mechanism通过考虑neighborhood关注local-coefficients。
作为初始化的步骤,对point cloud的顶点和边进行编码,映射到更高维度的特征,输出的维度为 F F F:
x i ′ = h ( x i , θ ) y i j ′ = h ( y i j , θ ) \begin{aligned} x_{i}^{\prime} &=h\left(x_{i}, \theta\right) \\ y_{i j}^{\prime} &=h\left(y_{i j}, \theta\right) \end{aligned} xi′yij′=h(xi,θ)=h(yij,θ)
其中 h ( ) h() h()是一个参数化的非线性函数,在实验中被选中作为single-layer neural network , θ \theta θ是filter的可学习参数集合。
通过融合self-coefficients h ( x i ′ , θ ) h\left(x_{i}^{\prime}, \theta\right) h(xi′,θ) 和 local-coefficients h ( y i j ′ , θ ) h\left(y_{i j}^{\prime}, \theta\right) h(yij′,θ)得到最终的attention coefficients,其中 h ( x i ′ , θ ) h\left(x_{i}^{\prime}, \theta\right) h(xi′,θ)和 h ( y i j ′ , θ ) h\left(y_{i j}^{\prime}, \theta\right) h(yij′,θ)是输出为1维的单层的神经网络, LeakyReLU() 表示激活函数:
c i j = LeakyRe L U ( h ( x i ′ , θ ) + h ( y i j ′ , θ ) ) c_{i j}=\operatorname{LeakyRe} L U\left(h\left(x_{i}^{\prime}, \theta\right)+h\left(y_{i j}^{\prime}, \theta\right)\right) cij=LeakyReLU(h(xi′,θ)+h(yij′,θ))
使用softmax对这些系数进行归一化:
α i j = exp ( c i j ) ∑ k ∈ N i exp ( c i k ) \alpha_{i j}=\frac{\exp \left(c_{i j}\right)}{\sum_{k \in N_{i}} \exp \left(c_{i k}\right)} αij=∑k∈Niexp(cik)exp(cij)
Single-head GAPLayer的目标就是计算每个点的ontextual attention feature。为此,利用计算得到的归一化系数更新顶点的特征 x ^ i ∈ R F ′ \hat{x}_{i} \in \mathbb{R}^{F^{\prime}} x^i∈RF′ :
x ^ i = f ( ∑ j ∈ N i α i j y i j ′ ) \hat{x}_{i}=f\left(\sum_{j \in N_{i}} \alpha_{i j} y_{i j}^{\prime}\right) x^i=f⎝⎛j∈Ni∑αijyij′⎠⎞
其中 f ( ) f() f()是一个非线性激活函数,实验中使用RELU函数。
Multi-head mechanism
为了获得足够的结构信息和稳定的网络,我们将 M M M 个独立的single-head GAPLayers进行拼接,生成通道数为 M × F ′ M \times F^{\prime} M×F′的multi-attention features:
x ^ i ′ = ∥ m M x ^ i ( m ) \hat{x}_{i}^{\prime}=\|_{m}^{M} \hat{x}_{i}^{(m)} x^i′=∥mMx^i(m)
如图2所示,multi-head GAPLayer 的输出是multi-attention features 和multi-graph features。 x ^ i ( m ) \hat{x}_{i}^{(m)} x^i(m)是第 m m m个head的 attention feature, M M M是heads的数量, ∥ \| ∥表示特征通道间的拼接操作。
Attention pooling layer
为了提高网络的稳定性和提升性能,在multi-graph features的相邻通道上定义attention pooling layer:
Y i = ∥ m M max j ∈ N i y i j ′ ( m ) Y_{i}=\|_{m}^{M} \max _{j \in N_{i}} y_{i j}^{\prime(m)} Yi=∥mMj∈Nimaxyij′(m)
GAPNet architecture
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该结构与PointNet有3点不一样:
- 使用attention-aware spatial transform network使得Point cloud具有某种变换不变性
- 不对单个点进行处理,而是提取局部特征
- 使用attention pooling layer得到local signature,与中间层相连接,用于得到 global descriptor
实验
Classification
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Ablation study
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Semantic part segmentation
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