Recommended by Ali, Tencent and Baidu software testing engineers - waterfall model of software testing model

Waterfall model （Waterfall Model） It's a project development framework , The development process is carried out by designing a series of stages , From system requirements analysis to product release and maintenance , Each stage produces a loop of feedback , therefore , If information is not covered or problems are found , So best “ return ” Last stage and make appropriate changes , Project development process from one stage “ flow ” To the next stage , This is also the origin of the name of waterfall model . Including software engineering development 、 Enterprise project development 、 The waterfall model is constructed for product production and marketing .

Definition

Waterfall model is defined as several stages of software life cycle activities connected in a fixed order , It's like a waterfall , Finally get the software product .

1970 Winston · Royce （Winston Royce） The famous “ Waterfall model ”, until 80 Early S , It has always been the only widely used software development model .
The core idea

The core idea of waterfall model is to simplify the problem according to the process , Separate the implementation of functions from the design , Facilitate division of labor and cooperation , That is, using structured analysis and design methods to separate logical implementation and physical implementation . Divide the software life cycle into making plans 、 Demand analysis 、 software design 、 Programming 、 There are six basic activities of software testing and operation maintenance , And set them down from top to bottom 、 A fixed order of connection , It's like a waterfall , Step by step .

Important position

Waterfall model

Waterfall model is the earliest software development model , It plays an important role in software engineering , It provides the basic framework of software development . The process is to receive the work object of the activity as input from the previous activity , Use this input to implement the content that should be completed by the activity, and give the work results of the activity , And pass it as output to the next activity . At the same time, review the implementation of the activity , If confirmed , Then continue to the next activity ; Otherwise, go back to the front , Even earlier activities . For projects that change constantly , The waterfall model is worthless .

The advantages and disadvantages of the model

The waterfall model has the following advantages

Waterfall model

1） Provide checkpoints for projects by phase .

2） After the completion of the current phase , You just need to focus on the next phase .

3） Waterfall model can be used in iterative model .

Incremental iteration is applied to waterfall model . iteration 1 Solve the biggest problem . Each iteration produces a runnable version , Add more functions at the same time . Each iteration must be tested for quality and integration .

4） It provides a template , This template makes the analysis 、 Design 、 code 、 Testing and supporting methods can have a common guidance under the template .

The waterfall model has the following disadvantages

1） The division of each stage is completely fixed , A lot of documents are generated between stages , It greatly increased the workload .

2） Because the development model is linear , Users can only see the development results at the end of the whole process , This increases the risk of development .

3） Track project phases through too many mandatory completion dates and milestones .

4） The outstanding disadvantage of waterfall model is that it doesn't adapt to the changes of users' needs .

Model customer requirements

Although the waterfall model has attracted a lot of criticism , But it is still valid for many types of projects , If used correctly , It can save a lot of time and money . For your project , Whether to use this model depends on whether you can understand the customer's requirements and how these requirements change in the course of the project , For projects that change constantly , The waterfall model is worthless , In this case , You can consider other architectures for project management , For example, it is called spiral model （spiral model） Methods .

In the waterfall model , The activities of software development are strictly carried out in a linear way , The current activity accepts the results of the previous activity , Implement the work required to complete . The results of current activities need to be verified , If the verification passes , Then the result is used as input for the next activity , Move on to the next activity , Otherwise return to modify .

Waterfall model emphasizes the role of documents , And requires careful verification at every stage . however , The linear process of this model is too idealized , No longer suitable for modern software development mode , Almost abandoned by the industry , The main problem is ：

（1） The division of each stage is completely fixed , A lot of documents are generated between stages , It greatly increased the workload .

（2） Because the development model is linear , Users can only see the development results at the end of the whole process , This increases the risk of development .

（3） Early errors may not be discovered until later in the development testing phase , And then there are serious consequences .

According to the stages of waterfall model , Software testing can be divided into unit testing , Integration testing , The system test .

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