Nature sub Journal | Zhou concentrated the team to reveal that long-term climate warming leads to the decrease of soil microbial diversity in grassland

subject ：Reduction of microbial diversity in grassland soil is driven by long-term climate warming

Publish a magazine ：Nature Microbiology

Date of publication ：2022 year 6 month

First author ： Wulinwei 、Zhang Ya、 Xue Guo

Corresponding author ： Zhouji

First unit ： Institute of ecology, School of city and environment, Peking University

Influencing factors ：17.74

DOI：10.1038/s41564-022-01147-3

Link to the original text ：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-022-01147-3

- Research background -

The impacts of climate change on biodiversity include changes in the geographical range of species 、 Extinction 、 Changes in abundance within species 、 Loss of phylogenetic community diversity and increased gene mutation and selection . Compared with plants and animals , Little is known about the impact of climate change on microbial biodiversity . Previous studies have shown that , The effects of climate warming on soil microbial communities include respiratory feedback response 、 decompose 、 Microbial biomass 、 Community composition 、 Community succession 、 The time scale effect and the complexity and stability of the network . However , because Lack of well repeated long-term time series observations in the field environment , Warming impacts on underground microbial biodiversity ( namely α diversity ) There is little information about the impact of , This is necessary to identify clear warming effects , Besides , Whether and how climate warming leads to the net increase or loss of soil microbial biodiversity and its potential mechanism remain unsolved .

2022 year 6 month 13 Japan , University of Oklahoma week focus team （ Peking University is the first unit ） stay Nature Microbiology Published the title Reduction of microbial diversity in grassland soil is driven by long-term climate warming The paper of , The continuous 7 Annual warming 、 Effects of precipitation change and biomass removal on grassland soil bacteria 、 The impact of fungi and protozoan communities , To determine how these representative climate changes affect microbial biodiversity and ecosystem functions .

- Abstract -

Man made climate change threatens the function of ecosystems . Soil biodiversity is essential to maintain the health of terrestrial systems , However, how climate change affects the richness of soil microbial communities remains unsolved . We're in a row 7 Annual warming 、 Effects of precipitation change and biomass removal on grassland soil bacteria 、 The impact of fungi and protozoan communities , To determine how these typical climate changes affect microbial biodiversity and ecosystem functions . Studies have shown that , Under the experimental conditions, the increase of temperature and the consequent decrease of soil moisture through the reduction of bacteria (9.6%)、 fungus (14.5%) And protozoa (7.5%) The richness of , Thus, it plays a leading role in the formation of microbial biodiversity . Besides , Microbial biodiversity and ecosystem functional processes , For example, there is a positive correlation between total primary productivity and microbial biomass . in summary , The author thinks that under the background of global warming , The harmful effects of biodiversity loss may be even more serious .

- Research purposes and assumptions -

① research objective

1. Increase temperature under experimental conditions 、 Precipitation change and a grass cutting （ Or cutting ） Whether and how to affect soil microbial biodiversity over time ;

2. Whether these effects are different in different microbial lineages ;

3. What are their underlying mechanisms .

② Research hypothesis

Climate warming will reduce soil bacteria by changing environmental filtration and biological interactions 、 Biodiversity of fungi and protozoa .

- Experimental design -

Code ：https://github.com/Linwei-Wu/warming_soil_biodiversity

The appended drawings 1. There are three main factors in the experimental design ： Warming up (+3°C)、 The precipitation is halved (−50% Precipitation ) and Precipitation (+100% Precipitation ); And mow a lawn （ That is, whether to remove aboveground plants every year ） Nest for minor factors .

therefore , In this test, a total of 12 Single processing and combined processing , Respectively : control (N)、 Warming (W)、 The precipitation is halved (H)、 Precipitation (D)、 mow a lawn (C)、 Warming up & The precipitation is halved (WH)、 Warming up & Precipitation (WD)、 Warming & mow a lawn (WC)、 The precipitation is halved & mow a lawn (HC)、 Precipitation & mow a lawn (DC)、 Warming up & The precipitation is halved & mow a lawn (WHC)、 Warming & Precipitation & mow a lawn (WDC). Each process has four repetitions in four different blocks . The test station was established in 2009 year 7 month .2009 - 2016 The surface of various places in the year (0-15 cm) Soil samples were collected at the peak of plant biomass in autumn (9-10 month ).

- The main result -

①  Effects of climate change on soil physicochemical properties and plant biomass

Using a linear mixed effect model (LMM) To determine the source of variation in different biological data , To examine the effects of treatments and their interactions on soil biogeochemistry and plant communities . The results show that compared with changing rainfall and grass cutting , Warming by reducing moisture , Soil microclimate and geochemistry ( For example, soil pH Reduce , NO₃⁻ increase ) Had a major impact . Grass cutting has a significant negative impact on plant biomass , But it has a positive effect on plant richness ( The appended drawings 2).

The appended drawings 2. a Soil temperature ;b Soil moisture ;c soil pH value ;d Soil nitrate nitrogen ;e Soil ammonium nitrogen ;f Total plant biomass ;g Plant richness .

②  Effects of warming on different microbial groups

In this paper , The authors describe the Taxonomic diversity of species （ Species richness and its relative abundance ） And phylogenetic diversity . Compared with different precipitation and grass cutting treatments , Effect of warming on richness 、 Phylogenetic diversity and biomass have major negative effects . The effect of warming on microbial richness was greater than that of other treatments 3-41 times ( chart 1B、 Supplementary table 1 And comments B1). Besides , In addition to increasing temperature + The positive feedback to fungi and protobiodiversity under grass cutting conditions , The effect of multifactor treatment is rarely significant ( Supplementary table 1), It shows that the warming effect is largely independent of the changes caused by precipitation and grass cutting . The above results show that , Soil bacteria 、 The diversity of fungi and protozoa is mainly determined by warming . One possible explanation is , The change of microbial biodiversity is mainly driven by soil microclimate and geochemical parameters , Such as soil temperature 、 Humidity and pH. therefore , In the following results and discussions , The author mainly focuses on the micro ecological effects caused by climate warming .

chart 1. a Real photos of sample plots ;b-d Warming up 、 Effects of rainfall change and grass cutting on microbial species richness （b）、 Phylogenetic diversity （c） And biomass （d） Influence .

The above results show that , Warming significantly reduced microbial biodiversity . Next, the author wants to further explore what （ class ） The biodiversity of species has changed , How does the underlying mechanism explain .

It turns out that , The response of microbial diversity to warming in different lineages is very different . In bacteria , Warming significantly reduced acidobacteria 、 Relative abundances of verruciformis and Mycota . And added actinomycetes , Relative abundances of Firmicutes and blastomonas , This may be because they are more suitable for relatively dry soil . It is worth noting that , The increase of actinomycetes and Firmicutes may be partly due to their ability to form spores to resist drying stress , The author further analyzed the characteristics of spore forming bacteria , Almost all Firmicutes and Actinomycetes with increased biodiversity under warming are known spore formers , The macrogenomic data showed that the relative abundance of major spore forming genes in Firmicutes and actinomycetes also increased significantly or slightly during warming . Besides , according to FUNGuild Functional categories , Different fungus The response to temperature increase is also different . The author focused on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi （AMF） And plant pathogens . Among them, the increase of temperature reduces AMF The richness of 、 Phylogenetic diversity and abundance ,PLFA The results also confirm the conclusion . Besides , Warming reduces the abundance of predicted plant pathogenic fungi （ chart 2a）, But slightly increased its relative abundance , This may have a negative impact on plant growth . stay Protozoa in , Warming significantly reduces Cerozoa and Ochrophyta The richness of 、 Phylogenetic diversity and abundance , And added Conosa And phylogenetic diversity .

chart 2. a Based on the linear mixed effect model, the influence of warming on the richness of main microorganisms ;b Single bacteria ASV（ Innermost ring ） The phylogenetic relationship of .

③  Mechanisms of microbial biodiversity reduction

As the article assumes , The author thinks that the decrease of biodiversity caused by warming may be due to the changes of biological interaction and abiotic environmental conditions .

Many microorganisms with adaptive characteristics （ Such as groups with spore forming ability ） Can survive better and be in a dominant position compared to other microorganisms , This will cause a change in the pattern of species coexistence . The author further combines yuanmengting's NCC The article further discusses this problem （https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/q_D59b2ruQcUTNArEUecyA）. That is to say, the symbiotic network of species under climate change is more complex than that under non warming conditions , And there are more negative associations than the control group under warming conditions , This suggests that there may be more intense competition under warming conditions . Final , Due to cascade effect , The changes of microbial activities and interactions caused by warming may lead to various extinction events and the ultimate reduction of biodiversity . Another explanation is , Warming may also act as a decisive filter , Spore forming microorganisms （ Such as spores ） Impose significant positive selection and / Or to non spore forming microorganisms （ Such as acidophilic bacteria ） Impose significant negative selection , This is consistent with the results of previous studies that warming enhanced the homogeneous selection of bacilli in Firmicutes . Sum up , Both biological interaction and environmental filtration may play an important role in mediating the reduction of biodiversity caused by warming .

On the other hand , Pictured 3a Shown , bacteria 、 Fungal and protozoan richness and soil moisture 、 Temperature is highly correlated with nitrate content . Bacterial richness was also significantly correlated with plant richness and biomass . But there is also obvious collinearity between these variables ( chart 3a And supplements D1). therefore , In order to further clarify the direct and indirect effects of environmental drivers on microbial diversity , The authors conducted structural equation modeling on the subset of plant and soil variables with the lowest degree of correlation (SEM) analysis . These results suggest that , Soil and plant variables , Especially soil moisture , It also plays an important role in directly or indirectly regulating the decline of soil microbial diversity caused by climate warming . because SEMs It can explain more than half of the changes in microbial diversity , So the environmental filtering effect , Especially inducing desiccation stress , It may affect microbial activity and interaction , Become the main driving factor for the decline of microbial diversity （ chart 3）.

chart 3. Environmental drivers of microbial diversity .a Correlation between environmental variables and microbial diversity .b Structural equation model （SEMs） Shows the relationship between soil and plant variables and bacterial and protozoan richness . The blue and red arrows indicate the positive and negative relationship respectively .c Derived from SEM The total effect of standardization （ Direct plus indirect effects ）.d Correlation between microbial richness and ecosystem function .

④  Relationship between microbial biodiversity and ecosystem function

Last , The author will The exit of the article lies in whether the change of microbial diversity caused by warming will affect the functional process of the ecosystem . It turns out that , Consistent with the reduction of microbial biodiversity , Warming also reduces total microbial biomass 、 Bacterial biomass 、 Total primary productivity （GPP） And ecosystem respiration （ER） Ecosystem functions of （ Extended graph 10）. Consistent with various reports in macroecology , Total bacterial abundance and total microbial biomass 、 Bacterial biomass 、GPP and ER There is a significant positive correlation （ chart 3d And supplementary notes E）. Except for firmicum , Most bacterial groups （ Such as Proteus 、 Bacteroidea and phylum mucorum ） A similar positive correlation pattern was observed （ chart 3d And supplementary notes E）, It is related to the total microbial biomass , Bacterial and fungal biomass and ER. Besides , Fungi and most phylum fungi / The overall richness of functional groups and GPP and ER There is a significant positive correlation （ chart 3d And supplementary notes E）. Overall protozoan abundance 、 The main protozoan lineages and functional groups are also related to the total microbial biomass 、 Bacterial biomass 、GPP and ER There is a significant positive correlation （ chart 3d And supplementary notes E）. Sum up , There is a significant positive correlation between microbial community diversity and related ecosystem functional processes . The above research results are of great significance for predicting the ecological consequences of climate change and ecosystem management .

- Conclusion and Prospect -

Because climate warming is a decisive filtering factor , It will lead to the reduction of microbial biodiversity , So in the future climate change scenario , The microbial diversity of the ecosystem will be reduced . As mentioned earlier , With the acceleration of biodiversity turnover , It is expected that in the case of global warming , The related ecosystem functions and services will become more vulnerable . especially , Because warming has different effects on different microbial lineages , For example, beneficial groups ( Such as AMF) The reduction of , The loss of biodiversity may have a more serious adverse impact on ecosystem functions in the future . Besides , As the impact of climate warming on biodiversity is mainly through water reduction , It is expected that the decrease of biodiversity caused by climate warming will occur in drylands ( Drought 、 Semi arid and arid semi humid ecosystems ) Will be more serious . future , Further research is needed to determine whether the biodiversity loss caused by warming and related mechanisms are applicable to other ecosystems .

- Co first author -

School of city and environment, Peking University

Wulinwei

researcher , Doctoral supervisor

Wulinwei , Researcher, School of city and environment, Peking University 、 Doctoral supervisor , Candidates of the national overseas high-level talents program . After graduating from the University of Oklahoma, he concentrated on his team to engage in post doctoral research , His research interests are microbial ecology , Combined use of multiomics techniques 、 Isotope tracing and big data mining , To study the response and ecological effects of soil, including microorganisms in the environment, to climate change 、 Micro mechanism of the element geochemical cycle driven by microorganisms 、 Interactions between plants and microorganisms, etc . At present, the first / The corresponding author is Nature Microbiology、Nature Climate Change、The ISME Journal、Water Research And other top environmental journals 9 piece .

School of environment, Tsinghua University

outer wall or surrounding area of a city snow

assistant research fellow

Xue Guo , Assistant researcher, School of environment, Tsinghua University , Mainly engaged in microbial response to climate change 、 Soil carbon cycle mechanism 、 Research on pollutant degradation, etc , stay Nature Climate Change、Nature Ecology & Evolution、 Nature Communications、PNAS、the ISME journal Wait for the journal to publish the paper 30 Yu Wen , Cited 900 Remaining times . Has won 2018 Microbial ecology Youth Science and Technology Innovation Award 、2018 Qianyi Environment Award 、2021 Asian chapter of the American ecological society “ Young ecologist award ” and 2021 China's cutting-edge scientific and technological Figure Award, etc . I am now in the position of iMeta Young editorial board members ,The ISME Journal、 Environmental Microbiology、Soil Biology & Biochemistry、Functional Ecology And so on .

- Corresponding author -

University of Oklahoma

Zhouji

professor

Zhouji , Professor, Institute of environmental genetics, Department of Botany and microbiology, University of Oklahoma , Lawrence of the United States - Part time senior researcher at Berkeley National Laboratory , Adjunct professor, School of environment, Tsinghua University . He has been engaged in microbial genomics for a long time 、 Microbial ecology 、 Research work in bioremediation and other fields , Publish research papers 600 Multiple articles , The total citation rate exceeds 55000,H Index 123, It's the global front 0.1% Highly cited scholars . He has won the Presidential Award for young scientists of the United States 、 The highest award of science and technology in international industry R&D100、 U. S. Department of energy highest award Ernest • Rolando • Lawrence Award 、 American Society for Microbiology Environmental Research Award and other awards . Now he is an international famous journal 《mLife》 Editor in chief 、《The ISME Journal》 Senior editor 、 《Microbiome》 Associate editor in chief , as well as 《Applied and Environmental Microbiology》 and 《mBio》 Former senior editor . At present, it is the International Water Association 、 The American Association for the advancement of Science 、 Fellow of the American Society for Microbiology and the American Ecological Society .

Guess you like

iMeta brief introduction   Highly quoted articles   High color value drawing imageGP  Network analysis iNAP
iMeta Web tools   Metabolism group MetOrigin  Meggie cloud Lactation prediction DeepKla
iMeta review   Intestinal flora   Plant flora   Oral flora   Protein structure prediction

10000+： Flora analysis   Babies and dogs   Rhapsody of syphilis   carry DNA Hair Nature

Series of tutorials ： Introduction to microbiome  Biostar  Microbiome    Macro genome

Expertise ： Academic charts   High score article   Shengxin Scripture   An indispensable person

Article to read ： Macro genome   Parasite benefits   Evolutionary tree   Necessary skills ： put questions to   Search for   Endnote

Amplification analysis ： Chart interpretation   Analysis process   Statistical mapping

16S Function prediction    PICRUSt  FAPROTAX  Bugbase Tax4Fun

Biological science :   Intestinal bacteria   Life on the human body   Great leap forward in life    Cell warfare   The mystery of human body   

Written in the back

To encourage readers to communicate and quickly solve scientific research difficulties , We established “ Macro genome ” Discussion groups , There are already domestic and foreign 6000+ Researchers join . Please add editor in chief wechat meta-genomics Bring you into the group , Be sure to remark “ full name - Company - Research direction - The title / grade ”. Please indicate your identity for the senior title , There are also microorganisms at home and abroad PI Cooperation and exchange of group supply . Ask for help with technical problems , First read 《 How to ask questions gracefully 》 Learn how to solve problems , Unresolved intra group discussions , Don't talk about problems in private , Help colleagues .

Click to read the original text , Jump to the latest article catalog to read