Chapter I Marxist philosophy is a scientific world outlook and methodology

Chapter one Marxist philosophy is a scientific world outlook and methodology

Philosophy and world outlook 、 methodology

Philosophy is a highly abstract overview of people's world outlook in the form of theory , Through a series of unique concepts . The ideological system formed by the logical argumentation of category and system .

Worldview is people's fundamental views and views on the whole world and the relationship between people and the world .

methodology Namely People know the world 、 The fundamental principles and methods of transforming the world .

1. Philosophy is theorization , A systematic world view , It is the form of worldview theory . Reflect people's emotions 、 desire 、 Ideals and beliefs , Philosophical world outlook includes outlook on life 、 sense of worth .
2. Philosophy is a system of knowledge , Another ideology , Natural knowledge 、 The generalization and summary of social knowledge and thinking knowledge .
3. Philosophy is both a worldview and a methodology , It is the unity of world outlook and methodology . Any real philosophy is the essence of its own spirit of the times , It is the living soul of human civilization , Philosophical revolution is the beginning of social change .

【 choice question 】

1. Philosophy is （）

A Knowledge of outlook on life  

B Scientific world outlook

C Theorization 、 A systematic world view

D A summary of all scientific knowledge

The basic problem of Philosophy

Engels summed up the history of the development of philosophy , Clearly put forward The relationship between thinking and being is the basic problem of philosophy , Philosophical problems include two aspects , That is, the problem of thinking and existence is whether there is identity between the first nature and thinking and existence .

（ Thinking first , Idealism ; Existence first , Materialism ）

The relationship between thinking and being is the basic problem of philosophy , This is determined by the nature of knowledge as a worldview ：

1. The relationship between thinking and being It is a question that no philosophical school can avoid and must answer , Is the premise to solve all other philosophical problems ;
2. The relationship between thinking and being is the basis for dividing the basic factions in philosophy , The different answer to which is the first nature of thinking and existence is the standard for dividing materialism and idealism , Different answers to the identity of thinking and existence distinguish between knowability and agnosticism ;
3. The relationship problem of thinking is also a basic problem in human real life , It generally exists in human's real life and determines the starting point and direction of people's thoughts and actions

【 choice question 】

The second aspect of the basic problem of philosophy is （ ）

A Whether nature and society have identity

B Whether there is identity between time and space

C Whether there is identity between matter and activity

D The question of whether there is identity between thought and existence

The main faction of philosophy

1. Materialism and idealism

Materialism and idealism are two basic schools of philosophy formed by different answers to the basic questions of philosophy, which are the first aspect .

Materialism advocates that matter is the origin of the world , Material primacy , Spiritual secondary

Idealism is the assertion that spirit is the origin of the world , Spiritual first , The second nature of matter

No philosophy can transcend or reconcile the two factions of materialism and idealism , This is the party spirit or partisanship of philosophy .

1. Dialectics and metaphysics

The first aspect of the basic question of philosophy is to answer the world “ What is it? ” The problem of , After answering the question, we need to further answer the world is “ What about? ” The problem of , For this question , Formed the opposition between dialectics and metaphysics . Dialectics is a world outlook and methodology that advocates the universal connection of the world and the development of sports ; Metaphysics is a world outlook and methodology that advocates that the world is static and things exist in isolation . Dialectics has experienced three stages of development ： Ancient spontaneous dialectics associated with simple materialism 、 Modern idealistic dialectics and Marxist materialistic dialectics .

【 choice question 】

The following items embody the general characteristics of contradictory materialist dialectics （ ）

A Connect and develop ideas

B Quantitative change and qualitative change

C Opposing and unified views

D View of essence and phenomenon

The universal connection of the world and the eternal development of the world are the general characteristics of materialist dialectics

The emergence of Marxist philosophy

1. Marxist philosophy is the philosophy of the proletariat , The development of capitalism and the emergence of the proletariat on the political stage are the social and historical conditions for the emergence of Marxist philosophy .
2. The law of conservation and transformation of energy 、 Cell theory 、 The theory of biological evolution , These three discoveries are under construction It plays a decisive role in proving the natural view of materialistic dialectics , Then it provides a solid natural science foundation for the emergence of Marxist philosophy .
3. Marxist philosophy is a complete theoretical system integrating dialectical materialism and historical materialism , German classical philosophy , Especially the focus of Hegel's philosophical dialectics “ Reasonable kernel ” And Feuerbach's philosophical materialism “ Basic kernel ”, It is the direct theoretical source of Marxist philosophy .

The basic characteristics of Marxist philosophy

1. Marxist philosophy Class nature （ It is the ideology of the proletariat ）
2. Marxist philosophy practicality （ Emphasize the dependence of theory on practice ）
3. Marxist philosophy revolutionary character
4. Marxist philosophy scientific
5. The class nature of Marxist philosophy 、 practicality 、 Scientific and revolutionary are highly unified .

 

Chapter two