Cost composition and calculation method of system software

One 、 Cost composition of system software

The cost of system software is an economic category , It shall reflect the various costs incurred in the production of software products , Raw materials 、 fuel 、 power 、 depreciation 、 Labor cost 、 Management cost 、 The sum of the financial expenses to be incurred .

From a financial point of view , The cost included in the system software includes the following items ：

1. Hardware purchase cost, such as the purchase of computers and related equipment , Uninterruptible power supply 、 Purchase cost of air conditioner, etc .
2. Software purchase fee , Such as operating system software 、 Purchase cost of database system software and other application software .
3. Labor cost , Mainly developers 、 The operator 、 Management 、 Salary, welfare, etc .
4. Training fee .
5. Communication fee , Such as Purchase computer network equipment 、 Communication line equipment 、 The cost of renting public communication lines, etc .
6. Capital construction expenses , Such as new construction 、 Expansion of machine room 、 Purchase computer machines 、 Cost of cabinets, etc .
7. Financial expenses .
8. Management cost , Such as office expenses 、 Travel expenses 、 Conference expenses 、 traffic expense .
9. Material cost , Such as printing paper 、 Wrapping belt 、 Purchase cost of disk, etc .
10. water 、 electric 、 steam 、 Gas charge .
11. Proprietary technology acquisition fee .
12. Other expenses , Such as data fee 、 Depreciation of fixed assets and consulting fees .

From the two stages of system software life cycle, namely, development stage and maintenance stage , The cost of the system software is borne by Development costs and Maintenance cost constitute ：

• Development costs ： Software development costs 、 Hardware cost and other costs , Including the analysis of the system software / The design fees （ Including systematic research 、 Demand analysis 、 Systems analysis ）、 Implementation costs （ Including programming / test 、 Hardware purchase and installation 、 Purchase of system software 、 data collection 、 Personnel training ） And system switching ;
• Maintenance cost ： Operating costs （ Including labor cost 、 Material cost 、 Depreciation of fixed assets 、 Purchase cost of proprietary technology and technical data ）、 Management expense （ Including audit fee 、 System service fee 、 Administrative expenses ） And maintenance fee （ Including corrective maintenance cost and adaptive maintenance cost ）.

Two 、 System software cost calculation

in summary , The cost of system software consists of the cost of software development and maintenance , namely ： C=C1+C2

In style ：C For the development cost of system software ;C1 It is composed of the development cost of the system software ;C2 For the maintenance cost of system software .

1、 Development cost of system software C1 Calculation of .

It is feasible to calculate the development cost of system software according to its workload and unit workload cost , The software development cost calculation process can be further divided into Software scale estimation 、 Workload estimate 、 cost estimation and Determine software development costs Wait for four processes .

Among them, cost estimation requires direct labor cost 、 Indirect labor costs 、 Indirect and direct non-human costs are estimated separately .

2、 System software maintenance cost C2 Calculation of .

The maintenance of system software refers to the process of modifying the existing operational software and maintaining its main functions unchanged . After the system software is delivered for use , The maintenance phase accounts for a large proportion in the software life cycle or lifetime , Some can reach the software life cycle 50-70%. therefore , The maintenance cost of system software is an important part of software cost calculation .

The maintenance of system software includes three categories ：

• A、 correct 、 Corrective maintenance ;
• B、 Adaptive maintenance ;
• C、 Perfect maintenance .

among C Class is for extending functions 、 Maintenance to improve performance , Generally, the software cost of the system is not included in the value evaluation of software assets , and A、B Two types of , Then and soft There is a close connection between the development process of , It should be included in the software cost . In the system software maintenance stage , The factors affecting the software workload are basically the same as those in the development stage , It is the later influence of the influencing factors in the development stage .

therefore , The greater the reliability of system maintenance , The more complex the scale , The harder it is to find hidden mistakes , The harder it is to correct . The more complex the system software is , To adapt it to soft 、 Hard environment changes , The more difficult it is to perform adaptive maintenance . Of course , High reliability 、 High complexity system software , Its dimensionality The higher the protective requirements , The software is less likely to make mistakes during operation .

3、 ... and 、 summary

Based on the above analysis , Calculation of system software maintenance cost , It can be calculated by multiplying the development cost of the system software by a maintenance parameter of the system software .

National standard 《 Information technology services Operation and maintenance The first 7 part ; Cost measurement specification 》 Project approval has been completed , The plan number is 20194187-T-469. The standard will specify the method and process of O & M cost measurement , Including the composition of operation and maintenance cost and the measurement process of operation and maintenance cost , It is applicable to various organizations to measure the operation and maintenance cost of information technology services , Include GB/T29264-2012《 Information technology services Classification and code 》 Various operation and maintenance services included in .

The system software is the same as other computer software , It has the following characteristics ：

1、 System software is the crystallization of high-intensity intellectual work jointly completed by many people , It is based on knowledge 、 Unique on the basis of experience and wisdom The product of creativity . The development of system software can be engineering , Software production can be industrialized , therefore , The system software has value and use value . meanwhile , The system software is original （ That is, primitiveness ）, Therefore, the software copyright owner has the right to publish the system software products according to law 、 Developer identity right 、 Right to use 、 right to license 、 The right to receive remuneration and the right to transfer .

2、 The system software product is invisible , It exists in the tangible carrier of the disk and other media , Trading through carriers . therefore , Disk exchange value with system software , It is the sum of the value of the disk itself and the system software , And mainly the value of system software .

3、 Replication of system software products （ Volume production ） Relatively simple , The replication cost is compared with the development cost , Almost negligible . therefore , System software products are easy to be copied or even plagiarized . To protect the copyright of system software products , Must be registered according to law .

4、 System software products generally have no physical losses , Only intangible losses . Maintenance of system software products ,

• First, the system software itself Complexity , Especially for corrective maintenance of newly discovered hidden errors during operation ;
• Second, the system software is hard to control 、 The software environment is dependent . hard 、 When the soft environment changes , The system software shall be subject to adaptive maintenance ;
• Third, due to changes in demand , It is required to enhance system software functions and improve system software performance , The system software shall be perfectly maintained .

therefore , The maintenance of system software plays an important role in its life cycle . meanwhile , The maintenance process of system software is a value-added process of software . According to the above calculation method , Maintenance cost of system software , It is quite expensive even if it does not include the cost of perfect maintenance . It is also a feature that should be considered in the evaluation of system software that the new version is constantly upgraded to replace the old version ..