Web automation: web control interaction / multi window processing / Web page frame

order ：web automation , In addition to locating web page elements , After locating the element , Generally, a series of operations are required , The most common is to click click, It also includes input files 、 Right click on the , Page slide , Form operation, etc

selenium webdriver api Guidance document ：

https://selenium-python.readthedocs.io/api.html

selenium Operation interface provided ：

ActionChains： perform PC Mouse click on the end , double-click , Right click , Drag and drop

TouchActions： simulation PC And mobile click , slide , Drag and drop , Multi touch and other gesture operations

ActionChains usage ：

Contains some basic operations ：

click(on_element=None): Simulate left click , If it doesn't come in element, Then click the current position of the mouse

click_and_hold(on_element=None): Clicking does not release

context_click(on_element=None): Simulate right clicking

double_click(on_element=None): Simulate double click

drag_and_drop(source, target): Drag and move to another position to drop , Pass in two elements , The first element position and the second element position

key_down(value, element=None)

key_up(value, element=None)

ActionChains Execution principle

 call ActionChains Method time , Not immediately , Instead, all the operations , Put them in a queue in order , When calling perform() When the method is used , Will be executed in this way 
 Basic usage ：
1、 Generate an action action = ActionChains(driver)
2、 Add action method 1  action. Method 1
3、 Add action method 2  action. Method 2
4、 call action.perform() Method execution 
 How to write it ：
1、 Chain writing 
ActionChains(driver).move_to_element(element).click(element).perform()
2、 Distribution writing 
action = ActionChains(driver)
action.move_to_element(element)
action.click(element)
action.perform()

1、 Click on the simulation 、 Right click 、 Double click and so on

        element_click = self.driver.find_element_by_xpath('xpath')
        element_doubleclick = self.driver.find_element_by_xpath('xpath')
        element_rightclick = self.driver.find_element_by_xpath('xpath')
        action = ActionChains(self.driver)
        action.click(element_click)
        action.double_click(element_doubleclick)
        action.context_click(element_rightclick)
        sleep(3)
        action.perform()

2、 Simulate the mouse moving over an element

    def test_movetoelement(self):
        self.driver.get("https://www.baidu.com/")
        self.driver.maximize_window()
        element = self.driver.find_element_by_xpath('//*[@id="u1"]/span')
        action = ActionChains(self.driver)
        action.move_to_element(element)
        action.perform()
        sleep(5)

3、 Analog buttons

 There are many ways to simulate key pressing ：1、 use win32api To achieve  2、 It works SendKeys To achieve  3、 It works selenium Of webelement Object's send_keys() Method realization 
4、ActionChains Class also provides several methods to simulate keys 
ActionChains Usage introduction 
1、action = ActionChains(self.driver)
2、action.send_keys(Keys.BACK_SPACE)
3、 perhaps action.key_down(Keys.CONTROL).send_keys("a").key_up(Keys.CONTROL)
4、action.perform()

        self.driver.get()
        element = self.driver.find_element_by_xpath("")
        element.click()
        action = ActionChains(self.driver)
        action.send_keys("username").pause(1)
        action.send_keys(Keys.SPACE).pause(1)
        action.send_keys("tom").pause(1)
        action.send_keys(Keys.BACK_SPACE).perform()

TouchActions usage ：

Official document ：

https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/docs/api/py/webdriver/selenium.webdriver.common.touch_actions.html?highlight=touchactions

TouchAction Similar to ActionChains,ActionChains Just for PC A series of operations simulated by the client program mouse , Yes h5 Page operation is invalid 
TouchAction It can be done to h5 Page operation , You can click 、 slide 、 multi-touch 、 And various operations of simulating gestures 
 Gesture control ：
tap--- Click... On the specified element 
double_tap--- Double click on the specified element 
tap_and_hold--- Click on the specified element without releasing 
move--- Gesture movement specifies the offset （ Don't release ）
release--- Release gesture 
scroll--- Gesture click and scroll 
scroll_form_element--- Start with an element position, click and scroll ( Sliding down is a negative number , Sliding up is a positive number ）
long_press--- Long press element 
flick--- Gesture slide 
flick_element--- Start the gesture slide from an element position （ Sliding up is a negative number , Slide down to a positive number ）
perform--- perform 

class TestTouchActions:
    def setup(self):
        option = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
        option.add_experimental_option('w3c', False)
        self.driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=option)
        self.driver.implicitly_wait(5)
        self.driver.maximize_window()

    def teardown(self):
        self.driver.quit()

    def test_touchactions_scrollbutton(self):
        '''
             Open Baidu web page 
             Type in the search box ‘selenium’
             Slide to bottom , Click the next button 
             close chorme browser 
        '''
        self.driver.get("https://www.baidu.com")
        ele = self.driver.find_element_by_id('kw').send_keys('selenium')
        ele_su = self.driver.find_element_by_id('su')
        action = TouchActions(self.driver)
        action.tap(ele_su)
        action.perform()
        #  Slide to bottom 
        action.scroll_from_element(ele_su, 0, 10000).perform()
        sleep(2)

Form action

A form is an area that contains form elements , Is to allow users to ( Such as text field 、 The drop-down list 、 Radio buttons 、 Check boxes, etc ） Elements of input information

Forms use form labels (<form>) Definition , for example :<form><input/></form>

Steps to manipulate form elements ：

1、 Navigate to the form element

2、 Operational elements ： Empty , Enter or click... Etc

Multi window processing

When we click a button on a web page , If you open a new web page window to realize page Jump , Then you need to operate on the new page , How to deal with this situation

Want to operate on a new page , You have to switch windows first , Get the unique identity of the window, represented by a handle , So just switch the handle , You can operate flexibly on multiple pages

Multi window processing method ：

1、 Get the current window handle first ：driver.current_window_handle

2、 Then get the handle of all windows ：driver.window_handles

3、 Determine whether it is the window you want to operate , If it is , You can operate the window , If not , Jump to another window ：driver.switch_to.window, Operate on another window

Multi window switching case ： Open Baidu page , Click login , Click Register now in the pop-up box （ Open a new page , Enter... In the user name username）, Return to the login page , Click the user name to log in

    def test_windows(self):
        self.driver.get("https://www.baidu.com/")
        self.driver.find_element_by_xpath('//*[@id="u1"]/a').click()
        print(self.driver.current_window_handle)
        self.driver.find_element_by_link_text(' Register now ').click()
        print(self.driver.window_handles)
        print(self.driver.current_window_handle)
        windows = self.driver.window_handles
        self.driver.switch_to.window(windows[1])
        self.driver.find_element_by_id("TANGRAM__PSP_4__userName").send_keys("username")
        sleep(3)
        self.driver.switch_to.window(windows[0])
        self.driver.find_element_by_id('TANGRAM__PSP_11__footerULoginBtn').click()
        sleep(3)

Webpage frame Handle

When a web page has more than one html Page composition , For example, web pages are embedded , Then there will be more frame, How to deal with this kind of scene

stay web In automation , If an element cannot be located , So it's probably in iframe in

What is? frame：frame yes html The framework in , stay html in , The so-called framework is that it can display more than one page in the same browser , be based on html Framework , It is also divided into vertical frame and horizontal frame （cols,rows）

frame classification ：

frame Label contains frameset、frame、iframe Three ,frameset Just like a normal label , Does not affect element positioning

and frame And iframe Yes selenium In terms of positioning, it's the same ,selenium There is a set of methods for frame To operate

frame There are two ways of being ： One is nested , One is not nested

Switch frame：

driver.switch_to.frame()  According to the element id perhaps index Switch frame

driver.switch_to.default_content()  Switch to the default frame

driver.switch_to.parent_frame()  Switch to the parent frame

Handle non nested iframe：

driver.switch_to.frame(frame_id)

driver.switch_to.frame(frame_index) frame nothing id It is processed according to the index , Index from 0 Start ,driver.switch_to_frame(0)

Handle nested iframe：

For nested first in iframe Parent node , Then go to the child node , Then you can process and operate the objects in the child nodes

driver.switch_to.frame(" Parent node ")

driver.switch_to.frame(" Child node ")