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Overview of satellite navigation system
2022-07-03 16:36:00 【Hardware development circle】
This paper briefly introduces the development of satellite navigation , And the composition of satellite navigation system . And introduce several basic concepts related to satellite navigation .
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1: What is satellite navigation
Navigation is a research field , The focus is on monitoring and controlling the process of moving a process or vehicle from one place to another . To realize an object from a location A To the place B The movement of the , Must be able to locate objects . To deeply study the satellite navigation system , Learn about RDSS,RNSS and GNSS It is necessary .
RDSS: Radio Determination Satellite Service Refers to satellite radio measurement service , Determine the position and distance of the user relative to the satellite through radio technology .
RNSS : Radio Navigation Satellite System Refers to satellite radio navigation service , Measuring users through radio technology is relatively at least 4 The distance and position of satellites can then determine the current position of the user , Speed and other information .
GNSS:Global Navigation Satellite System Refers to the global satellite navigation system , It can provide three-dimensional coordinates of any position on the earth around the clock , Time , Speed and other information .
2: The origin of satellite navigation technology
1957 year 10 month 4 Japan , The former Soviet Union successfully launched the first man-made earth satellite Sputnik. Its launch was successful , It is the crystallization of human commitment to the development of Aerospace Technology , It also opened the curtain of navigation and positioning system .
Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory George Weiffenbach and William Guier When observing the radio signal sent by the satellite, doctor accidentally found , There is a certain relationship between Doppler frequency shift and satellite trajectory . So I thought of measuring the Doppler frequency shift of satellite signal through the ground station , And then the method of determining the satellite position , This method has achieved success . Two other scientists working in the Laboratory Frank McClure and Richard Kershner The doctor put forward a conjecture based on the results of this experiment , Since it can pass the Doppler frequency shift , Determine the position of the satellite according to the position of the ground measurement station , Conversely, it should also be possible to offset by Doppler , Determine the position of an object on the ground according to the position of a known satellite . The preliminary concept of satellite positioning technology was put forward .
3: Introduction to modern satellite navigation system
1.NNSS
Also known as the meridian system (TRANSIT). This is the first generation of satellite navigation system ,1964 year 1 The moon was completed . The meridian system consists of 6 It's made up of satellites ,6 The average height of satellites is 1000km, The operating cycle of the satellite is 106min, The inclination angle of the track is 90 degree . All satellite orbits intersect the two poles of the earth . The meridian system continuously transmits radio signals , Transmit the satellite ephemeris , Time information and Doppler shift information . The carrier frequency used for Doppler shift measurement is 399.968MHz and 149.988MHz.
1967 In, the United States approved to provide the meridian system for civil use , The ranging accuracy is 70m after 1976 The year of 30m.
Similar to the meridian system, there is also the former Soviet Union 1965 Established in CICADA Satellite navigation system , It is also the first generation satellite navigation system . The system consists of 12 It's made up of satellites , The height is 1000km, The operation cycle of the satellite is 105min, Send separately 400MHz and 150MHz Navigation signal .
2.NAVSTAR GPS
In order to meet the needs of the three armed forces and civilian needs , The United States from 20 century 60 It began to be developed in the late S GPS System .
GPS System consists of 24 Satellites make up , Satellites are distributed in 3 On a track plane , Each track surface has 8 satellite . Relative to any point on the earth , There are 6~9 Satellites are available for observation ,GPS The positioning accuracy is expected to reach 10m.1978 year , In order to reduce the defense budget , Change the number of satellites from 24 Reduce to 18 star . Later, the successful launch of the test satellite , also GPS The system has bright prospects and great benefits , The US government increased the number of satellites to 27 star , among 3 This is a backup satellite .24 Satellites are distributed in 6 On a track plane , There are 4 satellite , It can be observed at any point on the earth 4~11 satellite . The long half axis of the satellite orbit is 26560km, The maximum eccentricity is 0.01, The satellite orbit is basically circular , The inclination of the orbit 55°, Height 20200km, Every time 12 Run along the near circular track for one week in an hour .
3. GLONASS
The Soviet Union developed similar GPS Satellite navigation system GLONASS(GLObal Navigation Satellite System). since 1982 The Soviet Union launched the first GLONASS The satellite starts , after 13 Years of continuous efforts , to 1995 year 12 In September, Russia fired an arrow three stars , All in all 24 A working satellite +1 The launch of a backup satellite , Satellites are distributed in 3 On a track surface , The inclination of the orbit 64.8°, Long half axis 25510km, Satellite operation cycle 11h15min44s, Overall and GPS The constellations are quite .
4. GALILEO
2005 year 12 month 28 Japan , Galileo satellite navigation system (Galileo) The first experimental satellite “GIOVE-A” Successful launch , This is an important step taken by Europe to break the technological monopoly of the United States on satellite navigation systems , It marks that Galileo global satellite navigation system has entered the formal orbit verification stage . Galileo satellite navigation system is planned by 30 It's made up of satellites , These include 27 Working main satellites and 3 A backup satellite , They are running on 3 A medium altitude earth orbit (MEO) On , Each track is distributed 10 satellite , One of them is a backup satellite in its current orbit . Galileo system can provide users with free and charged services , Although the service information is still based on location 、 Provide in the form of speed and time , But the types of services are better than just PPS and SPS Two services GPS The system is rich , The services provided by Galileo satellite alone include :
a. Open services (Open Service, OS)
b. Business services (Commercial Service, CS)
c. Life safety services (Safety of Life, SoL)
d. Public concession Services (Public Regulated Service, PRS)
e. Search and rescue services (Search and Rescue Service, SAR)
5. COMPASS
COMPASS The system is the Beidou second generation satellite navigation system developed by China , Its Chinese transliteration name is “Beidou II”, English name “COMPASS Navigation Satellite System”. Like other satellite navigation systems ,COMPASS Have global navigation capability .COMPASS The space segment of the satellite navigation system is planned by 5 Geostationary satellites and 30 Composed of satellites in non geostationary orbit , among 5 Satellites in geostationary orbit have an altitude of 36000km, Distributed over the equator 58.75ºE,80ºE,110.5ºE,140ºE and 160ºE;30 Satellites in non geostationary orbit are composed of 27 The orbit of the earth in the moon (MEO) Satellites and 3 An inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO) Satellite composition ;27 Medium orbit satellites are distributed at an inclination of 55º Of 3 On a track plane , The track height is 21500km.COMPASS Satellite navigation system can provide two services : Open services and authorized services .
6. Beidou 1
China's Beidou generation regional active positioning system ——Beidou I System consists of 4 satellite (2 Working satellite ,2 Backup satellite )、 Central control system 、 Calibration system and user machine Four parts make up , The coverage of satellite signals is 70°E145°E,5°N55°N, China's mainland and surrounding areas are within their service areas .
7. IRNSS
India's regional satellite navigation system (India Region Navigation Satellite System, IRNSS). IRNSS from 7 Satellites form an independent navigation constellation , among 3 Satellites in geostationary orbit ,4 The satellites are in inclined geosynchronous orbit , The coverage of satellite signals is 40o~140oE and -40o~40oN.
4: Advantages of satellite navigation
GPS Practice in recent decades has proved , Users can use the signals transmitted by satellites to achieve continuous on a global scale 、 High precision navigation 、 Positioning and timing . The development of satellite navigation has become a multi field ( Rulu 、 The sea 、 empty 、 space flight )、 Multimode ( static state 、 dynamic 、 Single point 、 Difference )、 Multi purpose ( Such as precise navigation 、 Precise positioning 、 Satellite orbit determination 、 Disaster monitoring 、 Ocean development 、 Town Planning 、 Resource survey 、 Traffic control, etc )、 Multiple models ( Such as ship borne 、 Airborne 、 Missile borne 、 Geodesic type 、 Time service type 、 Total station type 、 Handheld, etc ) International high-tech industry , At present, it is still in a period of rapid development .
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