Books - social animals

《 Social animals 》

The author of the book is Eliot · Arenson （Elliot Aronson） An outstanding in our time 、 A versatile psychologist . He is of the American Psychological Association 125 The only psychologist who won three important awards in the history of ： Outstanding research award (1999 year )、 Outstanding teaching award (1980 year ) And outstanding writing Award (1975 year ). Besides , He also got Gordon · Allport Award , In recognition of his contribution to improving the relationship between groups ; Donald · Campbell prize , In recognition of his outstanding research in Social Psychology . Joshua · Arenson （Joshua Aronson） Developmental psychology at New York University 、 Associate professor of social psychology and Educational Psychology , There he leads the Mindfulness Education Laboratory , Is a scholar at the metropolitan center . He has won awards in both research and teaching , These include the scientific impact award from the society for Experimental Social Psychology . He is most famous for his pioneering research on the threat of stereotypes , This study has been cited in three cases of the United States Supreme Court , And it is one of the most cited studies in the field of psychology and pedagogy .

One 、 What is social psychology

• Social psychology is to study the influence of people on others' beliefs and behaviors

Two 、 Social cognition

• The inherent biases of the brain include self-evident prophecy 、 Egocentric bias 、 loss aversion 、 Subconscious and conscious
• People's core motivation includes belonging 、 Understand others and predict accurately 、 control 、 Be valued 、 trust
• Good interpersonal relationships keep us happy and healthy

3、 ... and 、 Defend yourself ： Cognitive dissonance

• People tend to unify behavior and interpretation , When words and deeds differ . The greater probability is to change cognition
• Once people choose , I will support my choice with various reasons . For example, the threshold effect ∶ If you want to ask others for a big help , You can start small
• Punishment for insufficient reasons —— When the external reason for not doing something is insufficient , People tend to reinforce internal reasons , And have a lasting impact on subsequent recognition . For example, the influence of mild punishment and severe punishment on children , Mild punishment has a longer-term impact on children .
• Inevitable Psychology —— When you know that something is inevitable , Will change the attitude towards this matter

Four 、 Conformity ： Influencing factors

• We know that others follow others , But I underestimated the extent to which I might follow others Reward 、 Punishment and information
• People's reaction to social impact ： Comply with , Identification , Internalize , The degree of persistence increases in turn
• Influence and popularity of role models ： The greater the influence of example , Then the pressure of conformity is huge
• Group consensus ： If the group has a different opinion , Then the pressure of conformity will be reduced a lot
• Make a statement in advance ： Make a statement before others express their opinions , Then the pressure of conformity is reduced a lot
• Assumed liabilities ： If you need to be responsible for something , The pressure of conformity is much greater
• Self-respect ： The higher your self-esteem , The older the possibility of keeping independent thoughts : The younger you get , The less ability to make independent judgments , The easier it is to follow the crowd

summary

• Core effect ： Contrast effect 、 First cause effect 、 The threshold effect 、 Self testifying fable 、 loss aversion 、 The decentralized effect of responsibility
• Persuasion method ：（1） His views seem to be contrary to his own interests （2） They don't seem to try to influence our opinions （3） They are particularly attractive and infectious —— At least for our views, not our deep-rooted attitudes （4） They are full of confidence in their views , Because confidence will increase their credibility , Unless we have reason to doubt their motives （5） Logic and emotion : It is easier to achieve the effect on the basis of rationality and appropriate incitement 、 Morality and emotion : Use morality to stimulate action 、 Statistics and cases : The more concrete the case is , The easier it is to affect 、 Judge and agree : Use a sense of identity
• The influence of the media ：（1） On some less important issues , We will be influenced by our favorite propagandists , We act as if to please the people we like . And when faced with some less important views and behaviors , If we like someone , Even if he is obviously trying to influence us , Or obviously in order to profit from it , We will still accept his influence （2） Especially for children who need to exercise their attention , We need to strictly control the time of using electronic products . Accompany children and communicate more . For necessary socializing . Active participation is much better than passive （3） Media rendering makes the public have a biased understanding of society