Technology sharing | do you know the functions of the server interface automated testing and requests library?

If you want to design a powerful interface testing framework , First of all, we need a good enough HTTP The third Library , Carry out secondary development on its basis . And the best choice for this third library is Requests,Requests Is an elegant and simple python HTTP library , And the built-in function in addition to the basic send request , Return outside the response information , There are also very practical and powerful agent functions 、auth Certification, etc , Next, the actual practice of interface automation testing , And all requests Is closely linked .

Interface test framework installation

pip Command to install requests.

pip install requests

Requests Official documents ：

https://2.python-requests.org/en/master/

Next, use the most popular Requests Conduct interface test .Requests Provides almost everything HTTP Request construction method , And the method of passing in parameters , Customize the configuration of the sent request . It can be used to deal with various request scenarios . common HTTP The request construction methods are get、post、put、delete、head、options etc. .

Interface request construction

http Request construct

send out get request

import requests
r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/events')

Add... To the request data Parameters , And send the post request

import requests
r = requests.post('https://httpbin.ceshiren.com/post',
data = {'key':'value'})

Add... To the request data Parameters , And send the put request

import requests
r = requests.put('https://httpbin.ceshiren.com/put',
data = {'key':'value'})

send out delete request

import requests
r = requests.delete(
‘https://httpbin.ceshiren.com/delete’)

send out head request

import requests
r = requests.head('https://httpbin.ceshiren.com/get')

send out options request

import requests
r = requests.options('https://httpbin.ceshiren.com/get')

It can also be used directly request function , Introduce different method, For example, use this method to send get request

import requests
requests.request("get", "http://www.baidu.com")

Other important parameters

The following parameters are not required , But if additional customization of the request is needed , The following parameters are required .

header Parameters

By passing in dict Custom request header

import requests
url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'
headers = {'user-agent': 'my-app/0.0.1'}
r = requests.get(url, headers=headers)

data Parameters

Send a data sheet encoded as a form

>>> payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
>>> r = requests.post("https://httpbin.ceshiren.com/post"
, data=payload)
>>> r.text
{
  ...
  "form": {
    "key2": "value2",
    "key1": "value1"
  },
  ...
}

timeout Parameters

Set the timeout （ second ）, When this time is reached, it will stop waiting for a response ：

>>> requests.get('http://github.com', timeout=0.001)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
requests.exceptions.Timeout:\
 HTTPConnectionPool(host='github.com', port=80):\
  Request timed out. (timeout=0.001)

allow_redirects Parameters

If in the process of interface automation testing , The tested interface itself will trigger redirection in some scenarios , If you don't want it to trigger redirection , This interface is required to reset the forward response content , You can use allow_redirects The parameter directly gets the response content before its reset . Controls whether redirection is enabled , The default is True Is enabled , choice False To disable .

>>> import requests
>>> r = requests.get('http://github.com', allow_redirects=False)
>>> r.status_code
301

proxies Parameters

If you want the request data to pass through the specified port , You can use the proxies Parameter setting proxy . After setting , This data is in the process of request , Will go through agent tools . This parameter can be used to obtain the corresponding request data information by the packet capturing tool . The parameter requirements are dict Format ,key The value is the selected protocol , It can be set separately http Request and https The requested agent .

>>> import requests
>>> proxies = {
...   'http': 'http://127.0.0.1:8080',
...   'https': 'http://127.0.0.1:8080',
... }
>>> r = requests.get('https://httpbin.ceshiren.com/get',
proxies=proxies,  verify=False)
>>> r.text

After the code is written like this , Can be in Charles Configure proxy settings in （ Configuration method reference HTTP、HTTPS Caught analysis ）, Then run the code , Then you can clearly capture the request information .

Be careful ： A proxy tool needs to listen to the relevant ports （ This example is 8080）, Otherwise, the code fails

verify Parameters

If in the process of using agents ,https The data information of the protocol needs to verify the certificate information by default , If you do not pass in the certificate information , Or turn off certificate verification , Then in the process of request requests An error message will be returned .verify Parameters can be passed in bool Value or string, The default is True. If set to False To ignore is to ignore SSL Certificate verification ; On the contrary, verification is needed ; If the pass in value is string Words , Specifies the local certificate as the client certificate .

Don't use verify Parameters or verify The parameter defaults to True

>>> import requests
>>> proxies = {
'http': 'http://127.0.0.1:8080',
'https': 'http://127.0.0.1:8080'
}
>>> r = requests.get('https://httpbin.ceshiren.com/get',
proxies=proxies, verify=True)

The result is certificate verification failure information

  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/requests/adapters.py", line 514, in send
    raise SSLError(e, request=request)
requests.exceptions.SSLError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='httpbin.ceshiren.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /get (Caused by SSLError(SSLCertVerificationError(1, '[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: self signed certificate in certificate chain (_ssl.c:1076)')))

Ignore right SSL Certificate verification

>>> import requests
>>> proxies = {
...   'http': 'http://127.0.0.1:8080',
...   'https': 'http://127.0.0.1:8080',
... }
>>>
>>> r = requests.get('https://httpbin.ceshiren.com/get',
... proxies=proxies,  verify=False)
>>> r.text

The result is a normal response message , But with warning Warning , The warning message is normal , You can ignore .

/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py:1020: InsecureRequestWarning: Unverified HTTPS request is being made to host '127.0.0.1'. Adding certificate verification is strongly advised. See: https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced-usage.html#ssl-warnings
  InsecureRequestWarning,
{
  "args": {},
  "headers": {
 ... The middle is omitted ...
  },
  "origin": "10.7.152.0",
  "url": "https://httpbin.ceshiren.com/get"
}

Incoming from local charles certificate

>>> import requests
>>> proxies = {
  'http': 'http://127.0.0.1:8080',
  'https': 'http://127.0.0.1:8080',
  }
>>> r = requests.get('https://httpbin.ceshiren.com/get',
proxies=proxies,
verify="charles-ssl-proxying-certificate.pem")
>>> r.text

The result is a normal response message , And there's no warning Warning

{
  "args": {},
  "headers": {
 ... The middle is omitted ...
  },
  "origin": "10.7.152.0",
  "url": "https://httpbin.ceshiren.com/get"
}

Three other important parameters json、cookies、auth It will be introduced in detail in the following chapters .

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