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软考 --- 数据库(3)数据操作
2022-07-28 19:49:00 【想写程序的毛毛虫】
数据操作
1.1 常用的关系操作
查询:
选择、投影、连接、除、并、交、差
数据更新:
- 插入
- 删除
- 修改
查询的表达能力是其中最主要的部分
- 传统的集合运算是二目运算,包括并、交、差、广义笛卡尔积;
- 专门的关系运算包括:选择、投影、连接、除 4 种运算;

1.1.1 集合运算名词解释
并:
R 和 S 的并是由属于 R 和属于 S 的元组组成的集合,记为 R ∪ S ;
差:
R 和 S 的差是将单属于 R 的元组组成的集合,记为 R - S ;
交:
R 和 S 的交是由同属于 R 和 S 的元组组成的集合,记为 R ∩ S ;
1.2 关系运算
关系数据库还有一些专门的运算,主要有投影、选择、除法和外连接;
在关系代数中,由五种基本代数操作经过有限次复合的式子称为关系代数运算表达式,表达式的运算结果仍然是一个关系式;
1.2.1 投影
投影是将一个关系中的某些属性或选定列给映射出来,并将这些属性重复的元组去除;
1.2.2 选择
选择操作是选择关系中满足给定条件的所有元组;
1.2.3 连接
连接是从两个关系的笛卡尔积中获取满足一定条件的元组;
1.2.4 除法
设关系 R 除以关系 S 的结果为关系 T ,则 T 包含所有在 R 但不在 S 中的属性及其值,且 T 的元组与 S 的元组的所有组合都在R中;
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