[today in history] June 23: Turing's birthday; The birth of the founder of the Internet; Reddit goes online

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Review the history of the Internet 6 month 23 Japan , It was a day of great events , Alan, the father of Computer Science · Turing 、IBM PC Both the father of the Internet and the father of the Internet were born today ; Let's go back to the eve of the Windsor Dynasty in England , A glimpse of Turing's legendary life .

1912 year 6 month 23 Japan ： Allen · Turing's birth

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The father of computer science and artificial intelligence Allen · Maxson · Turing （Alan Mathison Turing） Born in 1912 year 6 month 23 Japan , He is a computer scientist 、 Mathematician 、 logician 、 Cryptanalogists and theoretical biologists . Turing's father Julius · Maxson · Turing （Julius Mathison Turing） He is a civil servant in British India .1911 year , Turing's mother Ethel Pregnant in British India . Because they want Alan to be born in England , So back in London , Living in Paddington , And gave birth to Ellen there . Turing showed his intelligence when he was very young , Learn to read by yourself in three weeks , And fascinated by numbers and puzzles .

1928 year , In Turing 16 At the age of , Start reading Albert · Einstein's works . He can not only understand , And we can see that Einstein doubted Newton's law of motion , Even if Einstein's work does not clearly point out this .1931 year , Turing was admitted to King's college, Cambridge University .1934 He graduated with honors in .1935 In, he was elected academician of King's College for a paper on central limit theorem . stay 6 month 14 Day column in , We once introduced Turing to publish an article called 《 On the computable number and its application in judging problems 》（ English ：On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem） The paper of , Yes, Godel 1931 The results of the proof and the limitation of calculation are discussed again .

In this paper , Turing published “ Turing machine ” The concept of . Although the Turing machine is too slow for practical use , Turing proved that such a machine could solve any conceivable problem , And expressed in mathematical form ; Today, , Turing machine is also the central subject of computational theory . Although he proved better than his teacher Alonzo · Qiu Qi is here λ The proof of equivalence in calculus was published a few months late , But easier to understand and intuitive . Turing spent time at Princeton University 1937 Years and 1938 Most of the year , Study under the guidance of Qiu Qi .1938 year , Turing received his doctorate .

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1939 year , Turing was recruited by the Royal Navy , Under the supervision of MI6, he was engaged in deciphering the secret military code of Nazi Germany . Two years later, his team successfully cracked the German cryptosystem Enigma（ About the past and present life of this cipher machine , See 2 month 23 Daily column ）, As a result, MI6 is well aware of Germany's military command and plan . But MI6 concealed the existence and achievements of the Turing team on the grounds of confidentiality , Take the information they get as their own . Future scientists estimate , The outstanding work of the Turing group , The allies defeated the axis powers at least two years in advance .

After the war 1945 Year to 1948 year , Turing was not idle , He became responsible for the automatic computing engine at the National Physical Laboratory （ACE） The research work of .1949 year , He became deputy director of the computer laboratory at the University of Manchester , Responsible for the earliest real computer — Software work for Manchester one . During this time , He continued to do some abstract research , Such as “ Computational machinery and intelligence ”. Turing in the study of artificial intelligence , This paper presents an experiment called Turing test , Try to set a standard to determine whether the machine feels .1952 year , Turing wrote a chess program . But , At that time, no computer had enough computing power to execute this program , He imitates computers , Each step takes half an hour . He played a game with a colleague , The program lost .

For the rest of Turing's life , He has been doing research in biological mathematics . He was in 1952 Published a paper in 《 The chemical basis of morphogenesis 》（The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis）. Turing's main interest is the fibonaccia sequence , That is, the Fibonacci number existing in the plant structure . He applied the reaction - Diffusion formula , Now it has become the core of the pattern formation category . His later papers have not been published , Wait until 1992 year 《 Allen · Selected works of Turing 》 published , These articles have just come to light .

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Turing's homosexuality and the cause of death are an eternal mystery ; At present, the most popular saying is ,1952 year , Turing's same-sex partner and an accomplice broke into Turing's house to steal , But the results of the British police investigation led Turing to be charged with “ Obvious indecency and sexual reversal ” sin . After a famous public trial , He was given two choices ： Jail time or female hormone injections “ therapy ”（ Chemical castration ）. In the meantime , The drug had side effects , It also caused great physical and mental damage to Turing, who loved sports —— Turing is actually a world-class long-distance runner . His best marathon result was 2 Hours 46 branch 03 second （ Manual timing ）, Than 1948 The gold medals of the 2008 Olympic Games were slow 11 minute .

1954 year , Turing died after eating an apple soaked in cyanide solution . Many people believe that he intended to eat the apple , And sentenced him to suicide . But Turing's mother argued that his death was accidental , Because Turing studio has a lot of chemicals , And he accidentally stained the apple with cyanide solution . stay 2009 year 9 month 10 Japan , One more than 3 Ten thousand people signed the petition , Make British Prime Minister Gordon · Brown in 《 Daily telegraph 》 writing , Because the British government indicted Turing and convicted him of homosexuality related crimes , Let him kill himself , To Alan · Turing publicly apologized . And whether Turing himself is really gay , Was the poison apple eaten intentionally or accidentally , It has become something that can never be proved .

since 1966 Since then , The Turing prize is awarded annually by the computer society to the computer industry , Provide technical or theoretical contributions to it . It is widely regarded as the highest honor in the world of computer science , Equivalent to the Nobel Prize .2021 year , The Bank of England chose Turing as the printer in the new edition 50 The figure on the back of the pound note . There is also a well-known anecdote , That is, the apple logo is sometimes mistaken for the half apple that Turing bit when he committed suicide , But the designer of the pattern and apple have both denied this ; later , Company founder Steve · Jobs is accepting Stephen · When asked about it, fry said ：“ Oh my god , We hope this （ Apple LOGO Salute Turing ） Is true . But this is really just a coincidence .”（“God we wish it were. It’s just a coincidence.”）

source ： Wikipedia

1937 year 6 month 23 Japan ：IBM PC The father of Philip Estridge born

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Philip · Donald · Don Estridge （ Philip Donald Estridge） Born in 1937 year 6 month 23 Japan , He is usually called don · Don Estridge （Don Estridge）, I am an American computer engineer ; Estrich led the initial IBM Development of personal computer , So it's called “IBM PC The father of ””. He is IBM Customized business strategies have greatly changed the computer industry , As a result, the sales of personal computers have increased significantly , Thus, the IBM PC The entire industry of hardware manufacturers .

Estrich was born in Jacksonville, Florida , As a student, I completed my bachelor's degree in electrical engineering at the University of Florida ; And then , He joined the army , by IBM and NASA The Goddard Space Flight Center designed the radar system .1969 year , Estrich moved to Boca Raton, Florida . Is becoming IBM PC Before the head of the development team , He used to be IBM Series/1 The chief manager of microcomputer development . After this project ,1979 year , He was assigned to manage a Series /1 Special bid development team .1980 Mid term , He gained leadership IBM Opportunities for the emerging PC business .

Estrich identified Apple Computer and Commodore International Other competitors , And noted the importance of the low-cost product line ; His greatest success lies in creating a cost-effective alternative to these companies' products , First realized the need to rely on third-party hardware and software . Estrich's strategy of embracing third parties is different from the previous one IBM The strategy is obviously different , Allow the booming third-party after-sales hardware business to take advantage of IBM Expansion card slot of the machine . As performance grows , Estrich was promoted quickly , To 1984 Served as IBM Vice president of manufacturing , Responsible for overseeing all manufacturing worldwide . Steve · Jobs once offered eastridge a multimillion dollar position as president of apple computer , But it was rejected .

Estrich and his wife, Mary Ann, settled in 1985 year 8 month 2 In Dallas / Delta Airlines at Fort Worth International Airport 191 Lost his life in the crash . When he was 48 year , In middle age . The four daughters of the estrich family survived . When he died ,IBM PC、 PC DOS、PC LAN and TopView Already have close 10,000 Employees , And has sold more than 100 Ten thousand units PC.

source ： Wikipedia

1943 year 6 month 23 Japan ： The father of the Internet Vint Cerf born

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Winton · gray · Cerf, （Vinton Gray Cerf） Born in 1943 year 6 month 23 Japan , He is the pioneer of the Internet in the United States , Be recognized as “ The father of the Internet ” One of , And TCP/IP Co inventor Robert · Strauss Kahn shared the title . His contribution has been recognized and praised again and again , His honorary degrees and awards include the National Medal of Technology 、 Turing Award 、 The Presidential Medal of freedom 、 Marconi prize and member of the National Academy of engineering .

In high school , Cerf is already Rocketdyne Working on the Apollo program , And help write for F-1 Statistical analysis software for engine nondestructive testing . After this , He received his bachelor's degree in mathematics from Stanford University , After graduation IBM Worked for two years , Act as a support QUIKTRAN Systems Engineer for . Cerf leaves IBM after , Go to UCLA for graduate study ,1970 Master's degree in ,1972 Got a doctorate in . In this period , He joined ARPANET The job of , Promoted the birth of point-to-point protocols .

Cerf Yu 1972 - 1976 He was an assistant professor at Stanford University in , There he studied the packet network interconnection protocol , And with Kahn Designed together DoD TCP/IP Protocol suite .1973 - 1982 year , Cerf joined the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency （DARPA） Work , And support several teams to develop TCP/IP、 Packet radio ( PRNET )、 Grouping satellites ( SATNET ) And packet security technology . stay 1980 Late S , Cerf helped develop the first connection to Internet Business email system ( MCI Mail ).

After stepping into the new century , Or from 2005 year 10 Since the month , Cerf has been at Google （Google） Vice president and chief Internet Evangelist . In this position , He is famous for his predictions of how technology will affect future society , Including artificial intelligence 、 Environmentalism 、 The era is coming . IPv6 And the transformation of TV industry and its delivery mode . since 2010 Since then , Cerf has been a Commissioner of the digital development broadband Commission , The Commission is a United Nations agency , It aims to make broadband Internet technology more widely available . Besides , Cerf also funded and established the Internet Organization for assigning names and numbers ICANN.2020 year 3 month , Winton · Cerf diagnosed COVID-19, Now recovered .

source ： Wikipedia

2005 year 6 month 23 Japan ：Reddit go online

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Reddit It's an entertainment 、 Social and news sites , Sometimes it is translated as “ Hongdi ”; Registered users can post text or links on the website , It has basically become an electronic bulletin board system . Registered users can vote on these posts , The result will be used to rank and determine its position on the front page or sub page . Content categories on websites are called “subreddit”.subreddit The content includes news 、 Electronic games 、 The movie 、 music 、 Books 、 Bodybuilding 、 Food and picture sharing .

Reddit By Steve, who was a roommate at the University of Virginia · Hoffman and Alexis · Vanian in 2005 Founded in 2000 . Cantenas in 2006 Bought the website in .Reddit On 2011 year 9 In June, he left cantenas , Become a subsidiary of the advanced publishing company of the parent company of Conde Nash . Although advanced publishing is its largest shareholder , but Reddit It's independent .Reddit The company is headquartered in San Francisco, California . stay 2014 year 10 month ,Reddit By Sam · Altman hosts , Including mark · Anderson 、 Peter · Tell and Ron · Conway got... From a round of investment 5000 Thousands of dollars . Their investment made Reddit The company is valued at 5 Billion dollars .

Reddit At first, we used Common Lisp To write , Later on 2005 year 12 Change to month Python Rewrite . Changing the programming language is due to the use of more libraries and greater development flexibility . from Reddit Former employee Aaron · Swartz developed to run the site Python frame “web.py” It has become an open source software project .Reddit The main use of PostgreSQL In its database , And is slowly moving to use Apache Cassandra. at present ,Reddit It is the fifth largest website in the United States , Traffic is second only to Google、YouTube、Facebook as well as Amazon, The number of monthly live users reaches 3.3 Billion .

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