Differences between IPv6 and IPv4 three departments including the office of network information technology promote IPv6 scale deployment

Abstract ： This year, 4 In June, cnnmo 、 National development and reform commission 、 The Ministry of industry and information technology jointly issued 《 Further advance IPv6 Scale deployment and application 2022 Annual work arrangement 》, To speed up the IPV6 Scale deployment . What exactly is IPv6？IPv6 And IPv4 What's the difference ？

In recent days, , Various websites 、APP The person in charge of , I have received the notice from the Internet information office that I need to check the website or APP upgrade , Access IPv6 The Internet . In this year 4 In June, cnnmo 、 National development and reform commission 、 The Ministry of industry and information technology jointly issued 《 Further advance IPv6 Scale deployment and application 2022 Annual work arrangement 》, And make it clear 2022 Work objectives ： To 2022 end of the year ,IPv6 The number of active users has reached 7 Billion , The Internet of things IPv6 The number of connections reaches 1.8 Billion , Fixed network IPv6 The flow proportion reaches 13%, The mobile network IPv6 The flow proportion reaches 45%.

 

Maybe some friends only know IPv4 I do not know! IPv6, What exactly is IPv6？IPv6 And IPv4 What's the difference ？

With Internet Rapid development ,IP The scale of the network is getting larger and larger , The number of connected hosts increases exponentially , And more and more other devices such as mobile phones 、Ipad、 TV 、 Refrigerator 、 Smart cars will be connected to the Internet , At this time, a lot of IP Address and high-quality Internet services .

IPv4 Is the fourth edition of internet protocol , It was the first to be widely used , The protocols that form the cornerstone of today's Internet technology . however IPv4 Limited resources , In theory , Addressing 1600 Ten thousand networks 、40 Million hosts . But with A、B、C After three types of addressing , The number of available network and host addresses is greatly reduced , Total IPv4 There is only a 43 Billion even IPv4 The address has dried up .

Today, IPv4 It can no longer meet the needs of the Internet , therefore IETF（ Internet Engineering Task Force ） stay IPv4 On the basis of the definition of — generation Internet agreement ,IPv6 emerge as the times require .

IPv6 yes IETF Designed to replace IPv4 The next generation of IP agreement . Use IPv6, Can greatly increase availability IP Number of addresses , Once and for all IP The problem of address resource exhaustion .

IPv4 Plight

IPv4 Address It has played a key role in the development of the global Internet , But it can no longer meet the needs of the rapid development of the existing network , There are many drawbacks .

Internet Come of 1968 Began to study in ARPANET , Researchers at that time in order to give ARPANET To establish a standard network communication protocol IP agreement .

IP The protocol developer will 32 position IP Addresses fall into three categories :A Class is used in large enterprises B Class for medium-sized enterprises C Class for small businesses .A class 、B class 、C The number of networks that can be identified by class addresses are 128、16384、2097152 , The number of hosts that each network can accommodate is 16777216、65536、256.

Although the IP Address classification , Greatly increase the number of Networks , But there are new problems . Due to a C Class network can only accommodate 256 Host computer , With the popularity of personal computers, the number of hosts in many enterprise networks has exceeded 256, Therefore, although these enterprises' Internet hosts may be far from reaching B The maximum host capacity of class address 65536 , But they have to be allocated B Class address . There are a lot of such situations , On the one hand, it caused IP On the other hand, the great waste of address resources leads to B Class addresses are in danger of being assigned out .

IPv6 And IPv4 The difference between

1. IPv6 And IPv4 Address syntax differences

lPv4 Use 32 Bit address , Usually written in dotted decimal form , That is, every 8 The bits are divided into segments , Every 8 Bit segments are represented in decimal , To separate with a dot . for example : 192.168.1.1

IPv6 Use 128 Bit address , Use colon hexadecimal representation , That is, every 16 The bits are divided into segments , Every 16 Bit segments are represented in hexadecimal , Separated by colons in the middle . for example : 2001:0012:0000:0000:02AA:0987:FE29:9871.

To further streamline IPv6 Address , When consecutive numbers appear in colon hexadecimal format 0 Bit segment of , These segments can be compressed into a double colon representation . For example, the above address can also enter ― Step simplification is expressed as :2001:12::2AA:987: FE29:9871

 

1. IPv6 And IPv4 Technical differences

( 1 )IPv6 With a larger address space .IPv4 Specified in the IP The address length is 32 position , The maximum number of addresses is 232, and IPv6 in IP The length of the address is 128 position , That is, the maximum number of addresses is 2128, And 32 The bit address space is increased compared with its address space 2128-232 individual . So IPv6 It has almost inexhaustible address resources , Each device can be assigned a fixed address .

If you promote IPv6, All home computers and home devices will have fixed IP Address . This will completely change the current dynamic allocation of addresses ﹑ The situation of converting public and private network addresses with network address translation technology .

( 2) IPv6 Use smaller routing tables .IPv6 From the beginning, the address assignment follows clustering Aggregation Principles , This allows the router to use a record in the routing table Entry It means a subnet , The length of the router's middle path is greatly reduced , It improves the speed of forwarding packets .

( 3 ) IPv6 Enhanced multicast is added Multicast Support and convection support （Flow Control ). This makes the multimedia application on the network have the opportunity of rapid development , For service quality QoS Control provides a good network platform .

( 4）IPv6 Added a pair of automatic configuration Auto Configuration Support for . That's right DHCP Improvements and extensions of the protocol , Make the network management more convenient and fast .

( 5 ) IPv6 With higher security . Current IPv4 The network is in the process of data transmission , The default is plaintext transmission , This brings great security risks .IPv6 The protocol adopts encrypted transmission by default , In the use of IPv6 In the network, users can encrypt the data of the network layer and IP Message verification . stay IPv6 The encryption and authentication options in provide the confidentiality and integrity of packets . It greatly enhances the security of the network .

( 6） Allow expansion . If new technologies or applications are needed ,IPv6 Allow the agreement to be extended .

1. Better header format .IPv6 Using the new header format, its options are separated from the basic header if necessary , Options can be inserted between the basic header and the upper data . This simplifies and accelerates the routing process because most options do not need to be selected by routing .

In summary, it is IPv6 A large number 、 Large application space 、 It's safe 、 Easy to update 、 Faster , It can be said that there is no harm .

 

So in IPv4 and IPv6 In co-existence , How to achieve IPv4 And IPv6 The interconnection of ？

1. Dual stack strategy

The dual stack strategy refers to having IPv4 and IPv6 Two protocol stacks , It can receive 、 Handle 、 Send and receive IPv4 The grouping , You can also receive 、 Handle 、 Send and receive IPv6 The grouping .

For the host terminal ,“ Double stack " It means that the data generated by the business can be processed as required IPv4 To encapsulate or IPv6 encapsulation ; For routers ,“ Double stack " It refers to maintaining in a router device IPv6 and IPv4 Two sets of routing protocol stack , So that the router can be connected with IPv4 The host can also communicate with IPv6 Host communication , Support independent IPv6 and IPv4 Routing protocol ,IPv4 and IPv6 The routing information is calculated according to their respective routing protocols and different routing tables are maintained .

IPv6 Datagram according to IPv6 The routing table obtained by the routing protocol is forwarded ,IPv4 Datagram according to IPv4 The routing table obtained by the routing protocol is forwarded .

 

2. Tunnel strategy

The tunneling strategy is IPv4/IPVv6 A mechanism often used in integrated networking technology , So-called “ Tunnel ”,, Simply speaking, it is a data technology that uses one protocol to transmit another protocol , The tunnel includes the tunnel entrance and exit, and the tunnel end ) These tunnel endpoints are usually double stack nodes .

At the tunnel entrance, one protocol is used to encapsulate the other protocol data , And send the . Unpack the received protocol data at the tunnel exit , And deal with it accordingly . At the entrance of the tunnel, it is usually necessary to maintain some tunnel related information, such as recording the tunnel MTU Equal parameter . At the exit of the tunnel, the encapsulated data is usually filtered for security reasons to prevent malicious attacks from the outside .

IPV6 Tunnel technology

Conclusion ：

IPv6 As a substitute IPv4 A new generation of IP agreement , You can meet 5G、 The Internet of things 、 Massive address allocation demand of industrial Internet , It is a necessary technology for the interconnection of all things , It is the information infrastructure of the new infrastructure .

After more than ten years of continuous development , By 2021 year In our country IPv6 The address resource reserve has ranked first in the world ;IPv6 The number of active users reaches 5.51 Billion , Accounting for... Of all Internet users in China 54.52%, In our country stay IPv6 Significant results have been achieved in the scale deployment of .

In our country “ the 14th Five-Year Plan ” Planning , To 2025 The leading IPv6 technology 、 industry 、 facilities 、 Application and security system , China IPv6 network size 、 User scale 、 The traffic scale ranks first in the world . In order to realize IPv6 The full landing of , All departments have also begun to speed up IPv6 Scale deployment , It is believed that the interconnection of all things will be realized in the near future ！