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ansible study notes 02

2022-07-31 15:32:00 【51CTO】

ansible的inventory文件

文件定义了ansible管理的主机,或主机组

静态inventory文件

用txtfile of text records,包括主机的ip地址,域名等信息,只要不修改inventory文件内容,The managed hosts will not change

动态inventory文件

Get dynamic information from the database,The information changes as the database changes,In most casesjson格式输出

inventory文件

一个简单的inventory文件

192.168.0.1
servera
serverb

     
    
      
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定义主机组

通过方括号[]括起来,A host file can belong to multiple groups

# 定义一个student组
[student]
servera
serverb
# serverb属于home组
[home]
serverb

     
    
      
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Groups can be nested within groups

# 格式如下
# [组名:children]
# 子组A
# 子组B
[good:children]
student
home

     
    
      
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Define the host range

使用[start:end]定义范围

# IP地址方式
192.168.0.[1:10]
# 域名方式
www.hello.com.ha[a:c]
# 主机名方式
server[a:c]

     
    
      
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注意事项

​ 如果主机和主机组重名了,ansible会忽略主机组,选择主机名,配置inventoryDocumentation tries to avoid this from happening.

查看主机信息

命令： ansible 主机名or组名 -i 路径 --list-hosts

参数含义
-i指定inventory文件路径,默认路径是/etc/ansible/hosts,Do not specify this parameter,It will enter the default path search
–list-hostsList host information
allList all host group information
ungroupedList non-host group information
[[email protected] ~]$ cat inventory 
# 定义一个student组
[student]
servera
serverb

# serverb属于home组
[home]
serverb

# Nested host groups
[good:children]
student
home

# 查看servera清单
[[email protected] ~]$ ansible servera -i inventory --list-hosts
hosts (1):
servera

# 查看student清单
[[email protected] ~]$ ansible student -i inventory --list-hosts
hosts (2):
servera
serverb

# 查看good清单
[[email protected] ~]$ ansible good -i inventory --list-hosts
hosts (2):
servera
serverb

# View all host information
[[email protected] ~]$ ansible all -i inventory --list-hosts
  hosts (2):
    servera
    serverb
    
# View non-group information
[[email protected] ~]$ ansible ungrouped -i inventory --list-hosts
 [WARNING]: No hosts matched, nothing to do

  hosts (0):


     
    
      
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ansible的配置文件

ansibleConfiguration files are not global,Any user can have their ownansible配置文件

配置文件的优先级

路径优先级
/etc/ansible/ansible.cfg最低
~/.ansible.cfg(家目录下)低
./ansible.cfg(当前目录下)中(建议使用)
ANSIBLE_CONFIG(global variable assignment)高

ANSIBLE_CONFIG不建议使用,一旦使用,All users will point to this path

# 使用方式
$export ANSIBLE_CONFIG=指定路径
$ansible --version

指定路径

     
    
      
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使用默认的ansible.cfg

[[email protected] ~]$ ansible --version
ansible 2.8.0
  config file = /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg

     
    
      
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Use the home directory.ansible.cfg

[[email protected] ~]$ cp /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg .ansible.cfg
[[email protected] ~]$ ansible --version
ansible 2.8.0
  config file = /home/student/.ansible.cfg

     
    
      
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Use the current directoryansible.cfg

[[email protected] ansible]$ pwd
/home/student/ansible
[[email protected] ansible]$ cp /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg .
[[email protected] ansible]$ ansible --version
ansible 2.8.0
  config file = /home/student/ansible/ansible.cfg

     
    
      
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ansible配置文件的相关参数

[[email protected] ansible]$ grep -v "#" ansible.cfg | grep -v "^$"
[defaults]
[inventory]
[privilege_escalation]
[paramiko_connection]
[ssh_connection]
[persistent_connection]
[accelerate]
[selinux]
[colors]
[diff]

ansible按照selector划分,每一个方框表示一个sector
[defaults]
inventory = /etc/ansible/hosts # manifest file path
remote_user = XX # 使用XX用户登录
ask_pass = true # 使用XX用户ssh时无需输入密码

[privilege_escalation]
# 如果remote_user的用户是root,不需要提权,如果不是root用户,则需要提权

# 提取权限,提权方式sudo,提权到root用户,Enter the password for privilege escalation 
become = true 
become_method = sudo
become_user = root
become_ask_pass = false


     
    
      
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ansibleConfiguration file exercise

  1. 创建目录/home/student/deploy-manage

  2. 目录下有ansible.cfg文件,Inventory文件也在该目录下

  3. InventoryThe host group for the file is as follows

    [myself] 拥有主机localhost

    [intranetweb] 拥有主机 servera.lab.example.com

    [internetweb] 拥有主机 serverb.lab.example.com

    [web] Nested groups own host groups intranetweb 和 internetweb

  4. 在ansible.cfg增加[privilege_escalation]选项,能够使用sudo方式提权,提权到root用户,并且输入密码

[[email protected] ~]$ mkdir /home/student/deploy-manage
[[email protected] ~]$ ls
deploy-manage
[[email protected] ~]$ cd deploy-manage/
[[email protected] deploy-manage]$ cat > ansible.cfg <<END 
> [defaults]
> inventory = ./inventory
> END
[[email protected] deploy-manage]$ cat ansible.cfg 
[defaluts]
inventory = ./inventory
[[email protected] deploy-manage]$ cat >> inventory <<END
> [myself]
> localhost
> 
> [intranetweb]
> servera.lab.example.com
> 
> [internetweb]
> serverb.lab.example.com
> 
> [web:children]
> intranetweb
> internetweb
> END
[[email protected] deploy-manage]$ cat inventory 
[myself]
localhost

[intranetweb]
servera.lab.example.com

[internetweb]
serverb.lab.example.com

[web:children]
intranetweb
internetweb

[[email protected] deploy-manage]$ cat >> ansible.cfg <<END
> [privilege_escalation]
> become = true
> become_method = sudo
> become_user = root
> become_ask_pass = true
> END

[[email protected] deploy-manage]$ cat ansible.cfg 
[defaults]
inventory = ./inventory
[privilege_escalation]
become = true
become_method = sudo
become_user = root
become_ask_pass = true

# 测试
[[email protected] deploy-manage]$ ansible myself --list-hosts
  hosts (1):
    localhost
[[email protected] deploy-manage]$ ansible intranetweb --list-hosts
  hosts (1):
    servera.lab.example.com
[[email protected] deploy-manage]$ ansible internetweb --list-hosts
  hosts (1):
    serverb.lab.example.com
[[email protected] deploy-manage]$ ansible web --list-hosts
  hosts (2):
    servera.lab.example.com
    serverb.lab.example.com

     
    
      
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ansible ad hoc 命令

ad hoc：临时的,one line throughansiblecommand to execute at the beginning,使用起来非常的简单,快速.

使用格式： ansible host-pattern -m moudle [-a ‘moudle arguments’] [-i inventory]

模块分类模块
文件模块copy、file、lineinfile、synchronize
软件包模块package、yum、apt、dnf、gem、pip
系统模块firewalld、service、user、reboot
Net工具get_url（下载）、nmcli（设置网卡）、uri（与web交互）

ad hoc方式,使用ping模块

# 检查配置文件
[[email protected] deploy-manage]$ cat ansible.cfg 
[defaults]
inventory = ./inventory
ask_pass = false
[privilege_escalation]
become = true
become_method = sudo
become_user = root
become_ask_pass = false
[[email protected] deploy-manage]$ cat inventory 
[intranetweb]
servera

# 使用ping模块
[[email protected] deploy-manage]$ ansible intranetweb -m ping 
servera | SUCCESS => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"
    },
    "changed": false,
    "ping": "pong"
}

     
    
      
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ad hoc方式,使用user模块添加用户

# 添加一个mmx的用户
[[email protected] deploy-manage]$ ansible intranetweb -m user -a 'name=mmx'
servera | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"
    },
    "changed": true,
    "comment": "",
    "create_home": true,
    "group": 1002,
    "home": "/home/mmx",
    "name": "mmx",
    "shell": "/bin/bash",
    "state": "present",
    "system": false,
    "uid": 1002
}

[[email protected] deploy-manage]$ ssh [email protected]
Activate the web console with: systemctl enable --now cockpit.socket

     
    
      
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ad hoc方式,使用userThe module removes the user

# 移除mmx这个用户
[[email protected] deploy-manage]$ ansible intranetweb -m user -a 'name=mmx state=absent'
servera | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"
    },
    "changed": true,
    "force": false,
    "name": "mmx",
    "remove": false,
    "state": "absent"
}

     
    
      
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ad hoc方式,使用copy模块

# 复制一段内容hello到~/hello.txt
[[email protected] deploy-manage]$ ansible intranetweb -m copy -a 'content=hello dest=~/hello.txt'
servera | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"
    },
    "changed": true,
    "checksum": "aaf4c61ddcc5e8a2dabede0f3b482cd9aea9434d",
    "dest": "/root/hello.txt",
    "gid": 0,
    "group": "root",
    "md5sum": "5d41402abc4b2a76b9719d911017c592",
    "mode": "0644",
    "owner": "root",
    "secontext": "system_u:object_r:admin_home_t:s0",
    "size": 5,
    "src": "/home/student/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1659244105.6575258-258948112696495/source",
    "state": "file",
    "uid": 0
}

     
    
      
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ad hoc方式,使用command模块1

ad hoc缺省值就是command,It can be omitted when used -m command参数

# 使用commandThe module looks at this file
[[email protected] deploy-manage]$ ansible intranetweb -a "cat ~/hello.txt"
servera | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
hello

     
    
      
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配置文件参数command选项
inventory-i
remote_user-u
become–become,-b
become_method–become-method
become_user–become-user
become_ask_pass–ask-become-pass,-K

ad hoc方式,使用command模块2

# View with different usersid信息
[[email protected] deploy-adhoc]$ ansible localhost -a 'id' -u devops
localhost | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
uid=1001(devops) gid=1001(devops) groups=1001(devops) context=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023

[[email protected] deploy-adhoc]$ ansible localhost -a 'id' -u student
localhost | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
uid=1000(student) gid=1000(student) groups=1000(student),10(wheel) context=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023

# 用到root用户时,需要提权,增加--becom
[[email protected] deploy-adhoc]$ ansible localhost -a 'id' --become
localhost | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root) context=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023

     
    
      
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ad hoc相关练习

1、 查看ansible版本

2、 新建文件夹/home/student/deploy-review

3、 在文件夹内创建ansible.cfg,指定inventory目录为：/home/student/deploy-review/inventory,Specifies the login user asdevops

4 、创建子目录/home/student/deploy-review/inventory,inventory文件从：从http://materials.example.com/labs/deploy-review/inventory下载

5、 使用ansible ad hoc 中commandThe module looks at the hostid信息

6、 使用ansible ad hoc 中copyModule will text：This server is managed by Ansible. \n 输出到/etc/motd中

7、 Run the question again6相同的ad hoc,查看现象

8、 使用ansible ad hoc 中command模块查看/etc/motd中的信息

[[email protected] ~]$ ansible --version
ansible 2.8.0
  config file = /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg
  configured module search path = ['/home/student/.ansible/plugins/modules', '/usr/share/ansible/plugins/modules']
  ansible python module location = /usr/lib/python3.6/site-packages/ansible
  executable location = /usr/bin/ansible
  python version = 3.6.8 (default, Apr  3 2019, 17:26:03) [GCC 8.2.1 20180905 (Red Hat 8.2.1-3)]
[[email protected] ~]$ mkdir deploy-review/
mkdir: cannot create directory ‘deploy-review/’: File exists
[[email protected] ~]$ cd deploy-review/
[[email protected] deploy-review]$ touch ansible.cfg
[[email protected] deploy-review]$ mkdir inventory
[[email protected] deploy-review]$ ls
ansible.cfg  inventory
[[email protected] deploy-review]$ cat > ansible.cfg <<END
> [defaults]
> inventory = ./inventory
> remote_user = devops
> 
> [privilege_escalation]
> become = true
> become_method = sudo
> become_user = root
> become_ask_pass = false
> END

# 从http://materials.example.com/labs/deploy-review/inventory下载inventory文件
[[email protected] deploy-review]$ cd inventory/
[[email protected] inventory]$ wget http://materials.example.com/labs/deploy-review/inventory .
--2022-07-31 14:05:50--  http://materials.example.com/labs/deploy-review/inventory
Resolving materials.example.com (materials.example.com)... 172.25.254.254
Connecting to materials.example.com (materials.example.com)|172.25.254.254|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 125
Saving to: ‘inventory’

inventory                                        100%[=========================================================================================================>]     125  --.-KB/s    in 0s      

2022-07-31 14:05:50 (29.7 MB/s) - ‘inventory’ saved [125/125]

--2022-07-31 14:05:50--  http://./
Resolving . (.)... failed: Name or service not known.
wget: unable to resolve host address ‘.’
FINISHED --2022-07-31 14:05:50--
Total wall clock time: 0.05s
Downloaded: 1 files, 125 in 0s (29.7 MB/s)
[[email protected] inventory]$ ls
inventory
[[email protected] inventory]$ cat inventory 
[internetweb]
serverb.lab.example.com

[intranetweb]
servera.lab.example.com
serverc.lab.example.com
serverd.lab.example.com

# 5、使用ansible ad hoc 中commandThe module looks at the hostid信息
[[email protected] deploy-review]$ ansible all -a 'id'
servera.lab.example.com | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root) context=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023

serverb.lab.example.com | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root) context=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023

serverc.lab.example.com | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root) context=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023

serverd.lab.example.com | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root) context=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023

# 6、 使用ansible ad hoc 中copyModule will text：This server is managed by Ansible. \n 输出到/etc/motd中
[[email protected] deploy-review]$ ansible all -m copy -a 'content="This is server is managed by Ansible. \n" dest=/etc/motd' --become
serverd.lab.example.com | CHANGED => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"
    },
    "changed": true,
    "checksum": "47d0841ab71f80320f014336f9b1a7b36166e9c4",
    "dest": "/etc/motd",
    "gid": 0,
    "group": "root",
    "md5sum": "ee36787d8189924d2ad0c5602cd5846f",
    "mode": "0644",
    "owner": "root",
    "secontext": "system_u:object_r:etc_t:s0",
    "size": 39,
    "src": "/home/devops/.ansible/tmp/ansible-tmp-1659247875.1398184-73524257684693/source",
    "state": "file",
    "uid": 0
}
…………类似输出,省略不写
# 7、 Run the question again6相同的ad hoc,查看现象,发现change：true --》 false
[[email protected] deploy-review]$ ansible all -m copy -a 'content="This is server is managed by Ansible. \n" dest=/etc/motd' --become
servera.lab.example.com | SUCCESS => {
    "ansible_facts": {
        "discovered_interpreter_python": "/usr/libexec/platform-python"
    },
    "changed": false,
    "checksum": "47d0841ab71f80320f014336f9b1a7b36166e9c4",
    "dest": "/etc/motd",
    "gid": 0,
    "group": "root",
    "mode": "0644",
    "owner": "root",
    "path": "/etc/motd",
    "secontext": "unconfined_u:object_r:etc_t:s0",
    "size": 39,
    "state": "file",
    "uid": 0
}
…………类似输出,省略不写

# 8、使用ansible ad hoc 中command模块查看/etc/motd中的信息
[[email protected] deploy-review]$ ansible all -a 'cat /etc/motd' --become
serverb.lab.example.com | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
This is server is managed by Ansible. 

servera.lab.example.com | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
This is server is managed by Ansible. 

serverd.lab.example.com | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
This is server is managed by Ansible. 

serverc.lab.example.com | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
This is server is managed by Ansible. 

     
    
      
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单元小结

原网站

版权声明
本文为[51CTO]所创，转载请带上原文链接，感谢
https://yzsam.com/2022/212/202207311526596964.html

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