Do you understand the working principle of gyroscope?

gyroscope , Also called Angular velocity sensor , It is an angular motion detection device that uses the momentum moment of the high-speed rotating body to sense the angular motion of the shell around one or two axes orthogonal to the rotation axis relative to the inertia space .

meanwhile , The angular motion detection device made of other principles is also called gyroscope .

01 

The name of gyroscope comes from

The origin of gyroscope name has a long history .

According to the research ,1850 French physicist Leon · Foucault （J.Foucault） In order to study the rotation of the earth , First of all, we found the rotor rotating at high speed （rotor）, Because it has inertia , Its rotation axis always points in a fixed direction , So Foucault used the Greek word gyro（ rotate ） and skopein（ see ） Two words combined as “gyro scopei ” One word to name the instrument .

The simple manufacturing method of the earliest gyroscope is as follows ： Put a high-speed rotating top on a universal support , Calculate the angular velocity by the direction of the gyro , The simple diagram is shown in the figure below .

among , The golden rotor in the middle is the top , It will not be affected because of inertia , Three around “ Steel ring ” It will change as the device changes its posture .

In this way, the current state of the equipment can be detected , And these three “ Steel ring ” Axis on which , That is, in the three-axis gyroscope “ Triaxial ”, namely X Axis 、y Axis 、Z Axis .

The three-dimensional space surrounded by three axes jointly detects various actions , Then read the direction indicated by the axis in a variety of ways , And automatically transmit the data signal to the control system .

So in the beginning , Gyroscope The main function is to measure the angular velocity .

02 

The basic composition of gyroscope

At present , When analyzing the motion of gyroscope approximately from the point of view of mechanics , It can be regarded as a rigid body , There is a universal fulcrum on the rigid body , And the top can rotate around this fulcrum with three degrees of freedom .

Therefore, the motion of the gyroscope belongs to the rotation of a rigid body around a fixed point , To be more exact , A flywheel rotor rotating at high speed around the axis of symmetry is called a gyro .

Mount the gyro on the frame device , The degree of freedom of angular rotation of the gyro's rotation axis , The whole of this device is called gyroscope .

The basic components of gyroscope are :

• Gyro rotor （ Synchronous motors are often used 、 Hysteresis motor 、 The three-phase AC motor and other dragging methods make the gyro rotor rotate at high speed around the self rotating shaft , The speed is approximately constant ）;

• Inside 、 Outer frame （ Or inside 、 Outer ring , It is a structure that enables the gyro's rotation axis to obtain the required degree of freedom of angular rotation ）;

• The attachment （ It refers to torque motor 、 Signal sensor, etc ）.

02 

How the gyroscope works

Gyroscope detects angular velocity .

Its working principle is based on Coriolis force Principle ：

When an object moves in a straight line in the coordinate system , Suppose the coordinate system makes a rotation , So in the process of rotation , Objects will feel a vertical force and acceleration in the vertical direction .

The formation of typhoon is based on this principle , The rotation of the earth drives the rotation of the atmosphere , If the atmosphere is subjected to a tangential force as it rotates , It is easy to form a typhoon , The direction of typhoon rotation in the northern and southern hemisphere is different .

Explained with a vivid metaphor Coriolis force Principle .

say concretely , gyroscope , It is a combination of circular central axis .

As a matter of fact , There is no difference between static and moving gyroscopes , If the static gyroscope itself is absolutely balanced , The gyroscope can stand without relying on rotation .

And if the size of the gyroscope itself is unbalanced , When it is stationary, it will cause the gyro model to tilt and fall , Therefore, the unbalanced gyroscope must rely on rotation to maintain balance .

The gyroscope itself is related to gravity , Because of the influence of gravity , Unbalanced gyroscope , The heavy end will run down , And the light end is up .

And in rotation , If the gyroscope encounters an external force, it will cause , The gyro wheel is under force at a certain point .

The gyroscope will immediately tilt , If the potential energy of the force point of the gyroscope is lower than the rotation speed of the gyroscope , At this moment, the stress point , Because the gyroscope tilts , Driven by rotation , The force bearing point of the gyroscope will be inclined from the lower corner , Slide to the upper corner .

When running at the upper corner of the syncline , The potential energy of the force point of the gyroscope is still running downward .

This causes the gyroscope to reach the oblique upper angle , The residual potential energy of the force point will be at the oblique upper angle , Potential energy pushes down .

03

The function of gyroscope

3.1 What's the difference between gyroscope and gravity sensor ？

There's a lot of difference , But the biggest difference is that gravity sensors have less spatial displacement perception dimension , Can do 6 The induction of two directions is already very good , The gyroscope is omni-directional .

It's important , It's no exaggeration to say , These two are not products at the same level .

You may see it here , People will still feel a little confused , Since the gyroscope is very powerful , So what's the use of it on mobile phones ？

3.2 The first major use   Navigation

Gyroscope has been invented since , Just for navigation , First, the Germans applied it to V1、V2 On the rocket , therefore , If cooperate GPS, The navigation ability of mobile phones will reach an unprecedented level .

actually , At present, many professional handheld GPS Gyroscope is also installed on , If the corresponding software is installed on the mobile phone , Its navigation ability is by no means inferior to that of many ships at present 、 The navigator used on the plane .

3.3 The second major use

It can be used with the camera on the mobile phone , For example, shake proof , This will greatly improve the camera capability of mobile phones .

3.4 The third use

Sensors for various games , For example, Flying Games , Sports games , It even includes some first angle shooting games , The gyroscope completely monitors the displacement of the player's hand , So as to achieve various game operation effects .

3.5 The fourth use

It can be used as an input device , The gyroscope is equivalent to a three-dimensional mouse , This function is very similar to the game sensor in the third largest use , It can even be considered a type .

3.6 The fifth purpose

The most promising applications in the future , That is, it can help mobile phones achieve many augmented reality functions .

04 

Two dynamic characteristics of gyroscope

The most important basic characteristic of gyroscope is its Fixed axis property （inertia or rigidity） and Precession （precession）, Both of these features are based on Conservation of angular momentum Under the principle of .

4.1 Fixed axis property （inertia or rigidity）

When the gyro rotor rotates at high speed , When there is no external torque acting on the gyroscope , The direction of the rotation axis of the gyroscope in the inertial space remains stable , That is to point in a fixed direction ; At the same time, resist any force that changes the axial direction of the rotor .

This physical phenomenon is called the axiality or stability of gyroscope .

Its stability changes with the following physical quantities ： The greater the moment of inertia of the rotor , The better the stability ; The greater the rotor angular speed , The better the stability .

4.2 Precession （precession）

When the rotor rotates at high speed , If the external torque acts on the outer ring shaft , The gyroscope will rotate around the inner ring axis ; If the external torque acts on the inner ring shaft , The gyroscope will rotate around the outer ring axis .

MEMS gyroscope

05 

Application of gyroscope

5.1 Application of gyroscope in aerospace

Gyro instruments were first used for navigation , But with the development of science and technology , It is also widely used in aviation and aerospace industry .

Gyroscopic instruments can not only be used as indicating instruments , And more importantly, it can be used as a sensitive element in the automatic control system , It can be used as a signal sensor .

According to need , Gyroscopic instruments can provide accurate orientation 、 level 、 Location 、 Signals such as speed and acceleration .

So that the pilot or automatic navigator can control the aircraft 、 Ships, space shuttles and other aircraft fly along a certain route .

In missiles 、 In the guidance of spacecraft such as satellite carrier or space exploration rocket , Then these signals are directly used to complete the Attitude control and Orbit control .

As a precision testing instrument , Gyroscopic instruments can be used for ground facilities 、 Mine tunnel 、 Underground railway 、 Oil drilling and missile silos provide accurate azimuth benchmarks .

thus it can be seen , The application scope of gyroscope instrument is quite extensive , It plays an important role in modern national defense construction and national economic construction .

5.2 Innovative application of gyroscope in the field of Consumer Electronics

The appearance of gyroscope , It gives a lot of room for the application of Consumer Electronics .

For example, in terms of the way of device input , On the keyboard 、 mouse 、 Behind the touch screen , Gyroscope brings us gesture input , Because of its high accuracy , It can even realize electronic signature ;

Another example is to make smart phones smarter ： Besides mobile Internet 、 Fast data processing , Can also “ Sense motive ”, And provide corresponding services .

5.3 Navigation

Gyroscope has been invented since , Just for navigation , First, the Germans applied it to V1、V2 On the rocket , therefore , If cooperate GPS, The navigation ability of mobile phones will reach an unprecedented level .

actually , At present, many professional handheld GPS Gyroscope is also installed on , If the corresponding software is installed on the mobile phone , Its navigation ability is by no means inferior to that of many ships at present 、 The navigator used on the plane .

5.4 Camera shake proof

Gyroscope can be used with camera on mobile phone , For example, shake proof , This will greatly improve the camera capability of mobile phones .

5.5 Enhance the game experience

Sensors for various mobile games , For example, Flying Games , Sports games , It even includes some first angle shooting games , The gyroscope completely monitors the displacement of the player's hand , So as to achieve various game operation effects , Such as changing the horizontal screen to the vertical screen 、 Racing games, turns, etc .

5.6 As an input device

Gyroscopes can also be used as input devices , It is equivalent to a three-dimensional mouse , This function is very similar to the game sensor in the third largest use , It can even be considered a type .

meanwhile , In addition to our familiar smart phones , Many MEMS gyroscopes are also used in cars , In high-end cars , About 25 to 40 only MEMS sensor , It is used to detect the working state of different parts of the car , Provide information to the trip computer , Let users better control the car .

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