Automatic testing of Web UI: Selenium syntax explanation is the most complete in the history

selenium It's mainly used for automated testing , Support multiple browsers , Crawler is mainly used to solve the problem JavaScript Rendering problems . Simulate the browser to load the web page

One 、 Declare browser objects

 Pay attention to point one ,Python The file name or package name should not be named selenium, Will result in failure to import 

from selenium import webdriver
#webdriver Think of it as a browser drive , To drive a browser, you have to use webdriver, Support multiple browsers , Here we use Chrome For example 
browser = webdriver.Chrome()

Two 、 Visit the page and get the page html

from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')
print(browser.page_source)#browser.page_source Is to get all the pages html
browser.close()

3、 ... and 、 Look for the element

Single element

from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')
input_first = browser.find_element_by_id('q')
input_second = browser.find_element_by_css_selector('#q')
input_third = browser.find_element_by_xpath('//*[@id="q"]')
print(input_first,input_second,input_third)
browser.close()

Common search methods

find_element_by_name
find_element_by_xpath
find_element_by_link_text
find_element_by_partial_link_text
find_element_by_tag_name
find_element_by_class_name
find_element_by_css_selector

You can also use general methods

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')
input_first = browser.find_element(BY.ID,'q')# The first parameter passes in the name , The second is to pass in specific parameters 
print(input_first)
browser.close()
 Multiple elements ,elements Multiple s
input_first = browser.find_elements_by_id('q')

Four 、 Element interaction - Search box to enter keywords for automatic search

from selenium import webdriver
import time
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')
input = browser.find_element_by_id('q')# Find the search box 
input.send_keys('iPhone')# Send in keywords 
time.sleep(5)
input.clear()# Clear the search box 
input.send_keys(' Men's underwear ')
button = browser.find_element_by_class_name('btn-search')# Find the search button 
button.click()

More operations :

http://selenium-python.readthedocs.io/api.html#module-selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement 
# It can have attributes 、 Screenshots, etc 

5、 ... and 、 Interactive action , Drive the browser to move , Simulate drag action , To attach an action to an action chain for serial execution

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains # Introduce the action chain 

browser = webdriver.Chrome()
url = 'http://www.runoob.com/try/try.php?filename=jqueryui-api-droppable'
browser.get(url)
browser.switch_to.frame('iframeResult')# Switch to iframeResult frame 
source = browser.find_element_by_css_selector('#draggable')# Find the dragged object 
target = browser.find_element_by_css_selector('#droppable')# Find the target 
actions = ActionChains(browser)# Statement actions object 
actions.drag_and_drop(source, target)
actions.perform()# Executive action 


 More operations : 
http://selenium-python.readthedocs.io/api.html#module-selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains

6、 ... and 、 perform JavaScript

Some actions may not provide api, Such as progress bar drop-down , At this time , We can execute... Through code JavaScript

from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.zhihu.com/explore')
browser.execute_script('window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight)')
browser.execute_script('alert("To Bottom")')

7、 ... and 、 Get element information

get attribute

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains


browser = webdriver.Chrome()
url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/explore'
browser.get(url)
logo = browser.find_element_by_id('zh-top-link-logo')# Get website logo
print(logo)
print(logo.get_attribute('class'))
browser.close()

Get the text value

from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/explore'
browser.get(url)
input = browser.find_element_by_class_name('zu-top-add-question')
print(input.text)#input.text Text value 
browser.close()

# obtain Id, Location , Tag name , size

from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/explore'
browser.get(url)
input = browser.find_element_by_class_name('zu-top-add-question')
print(input.id)# obtain id
print(input.location)# To obtain position 
print(input.tag_name)# Get the tag name 
print(input.size)# Get size 
browser.close()

8、 ... and 、Frame operation

frame Equivalent to a separate web page , If in the parent network frame Find subclasses , You must switch to the of the subclass frame, If a subclass finds a parent class, it also needs to switch first

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.common.exceptions import NoSuchElementException


browser = webdriver.Chrome()
url = 'http://www.runoob.com/try/try.php?filename=jqueryui-api-droppable'
browser.get(url)
browser.switch_to.frame('iframeResult')
source = browser.find_element_by_css_selector('#draggable')
print(source)
try:
    logo = browser.find_element_by_class_name('logo')
except NoSuchElementException:
    print('NO LOGO')
browser.switch_to.parent_frame()
logo = browser.find_element_by_class_name('logo')
print(logo)
print(logo.text)

Nine 、 wait for

An implicit wait

When you use implicit wait for tests to execute , If WebDriver Not in the DOM Elements found in , Will continue to wait , After the set time is exceeded, the exception that the element cannot be found is thrown .

let me put it another way , When the search element or element does not appear immediately , Implicit wait will wait a while to find DOM, The default time is 0

from selenium import webdriver

browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.implicitly_wait(10) 
# Wait for ten seconds, and if it cannot be loaded, an exception will be thrown ,10 It is loaded within seconds and returns normally 
browser.get('https://www.zhihu.com/explore')
input = browser.find_element_by_class_name('zu-top-add-question')
print(input)

Explicit waiting

Specify a wait condition , And a maximum waiting time , The program will determine whether the conditions are met within the waiting time , Return if satisfied , If you are not satisfied, you will continue to wait , An exception will be thrown after time

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC


browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com/')
wait = WebDriverWait(browser, 10)
input = wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.ID, 'q')))
button = wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.btn-search')))
print(input, button)

title_is  The title is something 
title_contains  The title contains something 
presence_of_element_located  Elements load out , Incoming location tuples , Such as (By.ID, 'p')
visibility_of_element_located  The element is visible , Incoming location tuples 
visibility_of  so , Pass in the element object 
presence_of_all_elements_located  All elements load out 
text_to_be_present_in_element  An element text contains some text 
text_to_be_present_in_element_value  An element value contains some text 
frame_to_be_available_and_switch_to_it frame Load and switch 
invisibility_of_element_located  Elements are not visible 
element_to_be_clickable  Elements can be clicked 
staleness_of  Determine if an element is still DOM, Can determine whether the page has been refreshed 
element_to_be_selected  The elements are optional , Pass element object 
element_located_to_be_selected  The elements are optional , Incoming location tuples 
element_selection_state_to_be  Pass in the element object and state , Equal return True, Otherwise return to False
element_located_selection_state_to_be  Incoming location tuples and status , Equal return True, Otherwise return to False
alert_is_present  Does it appear? Alert


 The detailed content ：
http://selenium-python.readthedocs.io/api.html#module-selenium.webdriver.support.expected_

Ten 、 Forward and backward - Implement the forward and backward of the browser to browse different web pages

import time
from selenium import webdriver


browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.baidu.com/')
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com/')
browser.get('https://www.python.org/')
browser.back()
time.sleep(1)
browser.forward()
browser.close()

11、 ... and 、Cookies

from selenium import webdriver

browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.zhihu.com/explore')
print(browser.get_cookies())
browser.add_cookie({'name': 'name', 'domain': 'www.zhihu.com', 'value': 'germey'})
print(browser.get_cookies())
browser.delete_all_cookies()
print(browser.get_cookies())

Tab Management Add browser window

import time
from selenium import webdriver

browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')
browser.execute_script('window.open()')
print(browser.window_handles)
browser.switch_to_window(browser.window_handles[1])
browser.get('https://www.taobao.com')
time.sleep(1)
browser.switch_to_window(browser.window_handles[0])
browser.get('http://www.fishc.com')

Twelve 、 exception handling

from selenium import webdriver


browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')
browser.find_element_by_id('hello')


from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.common.exceptions import TimeoutException, NoSuchElementException


browser = webdriver.Chrome()
try:
    browser.get('https://www.baidu.com')
except TimeoutException:
    print('Time Out')
try:
    browser.find_element_by_id('hello')
except NoSuchElementException:
    print('No Element')
finally:
    browser.close()


#  Detailed documentation ：
http://selenium-python.readthedocs.io/api.html#module-selenium.common.exceptions

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