After the eruption of Tonga volcano, we analyzed the global volcanic distribution and found that the area with the most volcanoes is here!

The way of several original articles , Please contact us for reprint

An undersea volcano in Tonga, an island country in the South Pacific , At local time 1 month 14 Japan 、15 Japan , Two violent eruptions in a row , A large amount of magma erupted and triggered a tsunami , The waves circled the earth for two times , As a result, many countries around the Pacific issued tsunami warnings . Preliminary assessment of this volcanic eruption VEI Grade is 5～6 level , Or have a great impact on global shipping and agriculture .

Last time I heard about Tonga , It was at the Tokyo Olympic Games last year , The athletic Olympic men's flag bearer has made Tonga a a hot spot .

chart 0-1： Tonga flag bearer at the Tokyo Olympics

We passed several sets of satellite cloud pictures , Feel the power of Tonga volcano eruption .

chart 0-2： Satellite dynamic cloud map of Tonga volcano eruption

chart 0-3： Satellite dynamic cloud map of Tonga volcano eruption

chart 0-4： Tonga volcano eruption satellite cloud image capture screen

This volcanic eruption, which has a wide impact on the world , Once again, people pay attention to global volcanoes . How about the distribution of volcanoes in the world ？ Where is the volcano erupted in Tonga on the map ？ How far is it from the capital of Tonga ？ Now let's use Python Of folium And pyecharts The module combines the volcanic data set for visual analysis .

1

Data preparation

From machine learning and data science community platform Kaggle Download the global volcanic data set compiled by the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, USA , Use pandas The module reads and stores data sets for analysis （ If the data set cannot be registered or found , can Official account 『 The way of several people 』, reply Volcano Get dataset file ）.

This time we use Jupyter Notebook Code writing and debugging , In order to observe the analysis results .

chart 1-1： Read in and store volcanic data sets

The volcanic information in this data set is very detailed and rich , It is very suitable for multi-dimensional analysis and research .

2

Analysis of global volcanic belt distribution

We are going to use two ways of visualization , Analyze the distribution of global volcanic belts and count the areas with the most volcanoes 、 Country .

Use folium Map of the module , Mark the location of global volcanoes , Visually display the distribution of global volcanic belts ; Use pyecharts Histogram of the module , Visual statistics of volcanoes in various countries 、 Distribution number of regions .

2.1

Map visualization analysis

2.1.1. Label map marker

Read volcano dataset , Loop through each row of data , Extract the longitude, latitude and name information of the volcano , Pass in as a parameter folium Modular Marker() Label map marking in method , And add the tag result to the instantiated Map() In the object , For visual display in the map .

【 Parameter Introduction 】

folium.Marker() Common parameters of ：

• location： Same as folium.Map() Parameters with the same name in ,tuple or list Type of input , The format is ( latitude , longitude ) or [ latitude , longitude ], The default is None, Used to determine the longitude and latitude position of the marked part
• popup：str Type or folium.Popup() Object input , Used to control the specific style of the marked part （folium Many styles are built inside ）, The default is None, That is, the part is not displayed ; Set here as the corresponding volcano name
• icon：folium.Icon() object , Used for setting up popup Specific colors of defined components 、 Icon content, etc
• tooltip：str type , Used to mark the prompt before clicking , Hovering over the mark will display without clicking , You can introduce the content that will be displayed by clicking the mark

【 Code 】

#  Label the volcano in the map 
volcano_map = folium.Map()
for i in range(0, len(tb_volcano)):
    volcano_info = tb_volcano.iloc[i]
    latitude = volcano_info["latitude"]
    longitude = volcano_info["longitude"]
    volcano_name = volcano_info["volcano_name"]
    folium.Marker([latitude, longitude], popup=volcano_name, tooltip="Click to see the Volcano Name", icon=folium.Icon(color='red', icon='info-sign')).add_to(volcano_map)

volcano_map

【 result 】

chart 2-1-1： Label the location of the volcano on the map

2.1.2. Circle map mark

above Maker() The tag graph output by the method is too large , It's OK to mark more than a dozen within the visual range , But there are nearly 1000 volcanic data , Not conducive to observation . We make use of CircleMarker() Method , Change the mark to a colored circle , Perform tag display optimization . And pass add_child() Method , Add click trigger event LatLngPopup(), Realize the subfunction that clicking anywhere on the map can display the corresponding longitude and latitude information .

【 Parameter Introduction 】

folium.CircleMarker() Common parameters of ：

• location： Same as folium.Map() Medium location, Used to control the center coordinates of the circle
• radius：int type , Used to control the radius of the circle , In pixels ; Be careful , stay folium.CircleMarker() in , because radius Is in pixels , That is, it is a circle with a fixed size on the screen , As the map zooms , Its size will not change ; But in folium.Circle() In the method ,radius The parameter unit is meters , So its size will change accordingly with the zoom of the map
• color：str type , Used to control the color of circles , The default is hexadecimal color "#3388ff", That is, a blue , You can enter the color name directly
• fill：bool type , When it comes to True when , The inside of the circle will be filled with color , No fill by default
• fill_color：str type , Control the color filled inside the circle , Default and color Parameters are consistent
• fill_opacity：float type , Used to control the transparency of the fill color inside the circle , from 0. To 1. Between , The default is 0.2
• popup：str Type or folium.Popup() object , Used to control the style of circles , The default is None, No style

【 Code 】

#  Mark the volcano in a circle on the map 
volcano_circle_map = folium.Map()
for i in range(0, len(tb_volcano)):
    volcano_info = tb_volcano.iloc[i]
    latitude = volcano_info["latitude"]
    longitude = volcano_info["longitude"]
    volcano_name = volcano_info["volcano_name"]
    folium.CircleMarker((latitude, longitude), popup=volcano_name, tooltip="Click to see the Volcano Name",
                        radius=3, color="red", fill=True, fill_color="red", fill_opacity=0.8).add_to(volcano_circle_map)
    
#  Click the map to display longitude and latitude information 
volcano_circle_map.add_child(folium.LatLngPopup())

volcano_circle_map

【 result 】

chart 2-1-2： Circle marks the position of the volcano on the map

It is more convenient to observe than label , Click anywhere on the map to display the longitude and latitude information .

【 analysis 】

Through the global volcanic map mark, you can see , The area with the most volcanoes is in the Pacific Rim volcanic belt . This horseshoe shaped area contains about 80% The volcano , To Indonesia 、 Japan 、 Russia 、 The Philippines and central and South America are the most dense . Some are scattered in Hawaii 、 Iceland 、 Congo 、 Italy and other places .

2.2

Histogram visual analysis

Let's take another visual angle , Analyze the distribution of volcanoes in the world ： According to statistics, volcanoes are distributed in various countries around the world 、 Number of regions , And count the number of different volcanic types .

2.2.1. The number of volcanoes in the world is top 20 The country

Summarize the number of volcanoes by country , Through the form of histogram , Before visual output 20 Country of name .

【 Code 】

#  According to the national statistics, the number of volcanoes is before 30 name 
volcano_country = tb_volcano["country"].value_counts().to_frame()
volcano_country.columns = ["count_num"]
name_country = volcano_country.head(20).index.to_list()
value_country = volcano_country["count_num"].head(20).to_list()

#  Data visualization output 
bars_non_slider(name_country, value_country, " The number of volcanoes in the world （ Country ） front 20", " The number of volcanoes in the world （ Country ） front 20")

【 result 】

chart 2-2-1： The number of volcanoes in the world is top 20 A country

【 analysis 】

The countries with the largest number of volcanoes in the world are basically in the Pacific , This is consistent with the information that the Pacific Rim volcanic belt occupies most of the volcanoes we see on the map .

At present, the five countries in the global distribution of volcanoes are the United States 、 Indonesia 、 Japan 、 Russia 、 Chile . In the top ten, we can see a non Pacific country ： Iceland （ Located at the junction of the Atlantic and Arctic oceans ）, And there are 28 There are as many volcanoes .

2.2.2. The number of global volcanoes distributed in various regions

Summarize the number of volcanoes by Region , Through the form of histogram , Visualize the distribution of each region .

【 Code 】

#  Count the number of volcanoes by Region 30 name 
volcano_region = tb_volcano["region"].value_counts().to_frame()
volcano_region.columns = ["count_num"]
name_region = volcano_region.index.to_list()
value_region = volcano_region["count_num"].to_list()

#  Data visualization output 
bars_non_slider(name_region, value_region, " The number of volcanoes in the world （ region ）", " The number of volcanoes in the world （ region ）")

【 result 】

chart 2-2-2： The number of volcanic regions in the world

【 analysis 】

The regions with the highest number of volcanoes in the world are basically concentrated on the Pacific Rim , This is also consistent with the information that the Pacific Rim volcanic belt occupies most of the volcanoes we see on the map .

At present, only the fifth of the five regions in the global volcanic distribution is not on the Pacific plate , They are South America , Japan 、 Taiwan, China, China and the Mariana Islands , Indonesia Islands 、 Mexico and Central America 、 The African continent and the red sea （ The Indian Ocean plate ）.

2.2.3. The number of volcanoes in the world

Summarize the number of volcanoes by Region , Through the form of histogram , Visual output before the world 20 Types of volcanoes .

【 Code 】

#  Count the number of volcanoes by volcanic type 
volcano_type = tb_volcano["primary_volcano_type"].value_counts().to_frame()
volcano_type.columns = ["count_num"]
name_type = volcano_type.head(20).index.to_list()
value_type = volcano_type["count_num"].head(20).to_list()

#  Data visualization output 
bars_non_slider2(name_type, value_type, " Before the global volcanic species 20", " Before the global volcanic species 20")

【 result 】

chart 2-2-3： Number of volcanoes in the world 20 Types

【 analysis 】

The most widely distributed volcanic species in the world are Stratovolcanoes（ Layered volcano ）, also called Composite（ Composite volcano ）, Caused by multiple eruptions , Its recurrence cycle can be hundreds of thousands of years , It can also be hundreds of years ; The second is Shield（ Shield volcano ）, It has a wide top surface and gentle slope flank （ Peltate ） Large volcanoes , Hawaii Island （ Big island ） It is a typical shield volcano .

3

Location of Tonga eruption volcano

Use folium modular , Show Tonga on the map , And check the location of the volcano erupted this time and its distance from Tonga's capital .

3.1

Tonga on the map

By inquiring , Obtain the longitude and latitude position information of Nukualofa, the capital of Tonga ：21°10'41.6" S, 175°11'55.2" W, Convert to degrees, minutes and seconds ：-21.178235, -175.198673.

Pass the converted longitude and latitude into folium Of Map() In the method , And enlarge the size of the map , Check the capital of Tonga on the map .

【 Parameter Introduction 】

folium.Map() Common parameters of ：

• location：tuple or list Type of input , Used to control the coordinates of the initial map Center , The format is ( latitude , longitude ) or [ latitude , longitude ], The default is None
• width：int Type or str type ,int When it's type , What is passed in is the pixel value of the map width ;str When it's type , What is passed in is the percentage of the map width , In the form of "xx%"; The default is "100%"
• height： Control the height of the map , Same format width
• tiles：str type , Map style used to control drawing calls , The default is "OpenStreetMap", There are also some other built-in map styles , Such as "Stamen Terrain"、"Stamen Toner"、"Mapbox Bright"、"Mapbox Control Room" etc. ; Can also be passed in "None" To draw a plain map without style , Or pass in a URL To use other options osm
• zoom_start：int type , Set the zoom size when the map is initially displayed
• max_zoom：int type , Control the upper limit of how much the map can be enlarged , The default is 18
• attr：str type , When in tiles Use optional URL Internal osm When using , Used for choosing osm name
• control_scale：bool type , Controls whether scale is added to the map , The default is False, That is, without adding
• no_touch：bool type , Control whether the map prohibits accepting touch events from the device, such as dragging , The default is False, That is not to prohibit

【 Code 】

#  Location of Tonga's capital 
volcano_tj_map = folium.Map([-21.178235, -175.198673], width="90%", zoom_start=11, control_scale=True)

volcano_tj_map

【 result 】

chart 3-1： Show Tonga's capital on the map

The capital of Tonga is on the map , It's a small island in the Pacific .

3.2

The location of this eruption volcano

By inquiring , Get the Hong aha ApaI island where the volcano erupted this time (Hunga Haapai) Longitude and latitude position information ：20° 32′ 34.8″ S, 174° 24′ 21.6″ W, Convert to degrees, minutes and seconds ：-20.543792, -174.406127.

Pass the converted longitude and latitude into folium Of Circle() Method （ Same as the one used above CircleMarker() The method is similar to ） in , Mark this position on the map with a circle , And join the map showing Tonga's capital , To see the distance between the erupting volcano and Tonga's capital .

【 Code 】

#  Display of the location of Tonga volcano eruption and its distance from Tonga's capital 
volcano_tj_eruption_map = folium.Map([-21.178235, -175.198673], width="90%", zoom_start=9, control_scale=True)
folium.Circle(location=(-20.543792, -174.406127), radius=2000, color="blue", fill=True, fill_color="blue").add_to(volcano_tj_eruption_map)

volcano_tj_eruption_map

【 result 】

chart 3-2： The distance between the volcanic eruption location and Tonga's capital

【 analysis 】

You can see on the map , The volcano that erupted this time is located on Hong aha ApaI island , Located north of Nukualofa, Tonga's capital 70 km , About to the south of tongahapai islands 30 km . The island itself is also an undersea volcano , The volcano is very active , The highest altitude 149 rice (489 feet ), The crater used to be 2009 Year broke out , And last year 12 There are also small-scale outbreaks in September .

4

Comparison before and after Tonga volcano eruption

Through aerial photography of New Zealand aircraft and satellite photos of the United Nations , Compare Tonga before and after volcanic eruption , Look at the shocking impact of this volcanic eruption on Tonga .

chart 4-1： Before the eruption （BEFORE）

chart 4-2： After the volcanic eruption （AFTER）

chart 4-3： Comparison before and after volcanic eruption

chart 4-4： Comparison before and after volcanic eruption

chart 4-5： Before the eruption （BEFORE）

chart 4-6： After the volcanic eruption （AFTER）

chart 4-7： Before the eruption （BEFORE）

chart 4-8： After the volcanic eruption （AFTER）

chart 4-9： Before the eruption （BEFORE）

chart 4-10： After the volcanic eruption （AFTER）

chart 4-11： Before the eruption （BEFORE）

chart 4-12： After the volcanic eruption （AFTER）

Hong aha ApaI Island, where the volcano erupted, has completely sunk below the sea ; Houses and buildings on the coast edge of most islands in Tonga 、 The vegetation is covered with thick volcanic ash , Some buildings collapsed or even disappeared directly ; The airport runway of tabu island was also attacked by volcanic ash , As a result, all flights cannot land .

5

Conclusion

So far , Volcanic ash and gas from Tonga volcanic eruption have entered 20 The stratosphere above km , May form parasol effect , But compared with 1991 The Pinatubo volcano in the Philippines erupted , The amount of sulfur dioxide released this time is much smaller , For the time being, it is not enough to have a huge impact on the climate .

meanwhile , Asleep 300 Mount Fuji in Japan , Its magma is accumulating strength , Once it erupts , It only takes two hours , Volcanic ash can reach the sky over Tokyo .

Whether the volcanic ash from Tonga, thousands of miles away, will fall to you and me , No longer silent volcano , It seems to be reminding us ：

The earth , It is the only home of mankind , In the face of such powerful natural forces as volcanoes , No one can really be alone ！

Cover image source ：unsplash

Cover picture author ：Alain Bonnardeaux