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什么是立体角
2022-06-13 01:38:00 【星空下0516】
立体角,是一个物体对特定点的三维空间的角度,是平面角在三维空间中的类比,常用字母Ω表示。它描述的是站在某一点的观察者测量到的物体大小的尺度。例如,对于一个特定的观察点,一个在该观察点附近的小物体有可能和一个远处的大物体有着相同的立体角。
锥体的立体角大小定义为,以锥体的顶点为球心作球面,该锥体在球表面截取的面积与球半径平方之比,单位为球面度(sr),一个球体即是4π,半球即是2π。
上图中的 d Ω d\Omega dΩ是一个极小值,可以理解为单位球面积上的极小面积,那么 d Ω d\Omega dΩ定义是该极小的立体角投影的面积与球半径的比值:
d Ω = d A r 2 d\Omega=\frac{dA}{r^2} dΩ=r2dA
这里的 d A dA dA是上图中阴影球面的面积,两个变成分别为: r sin θ d ϕ r\sin\theta d\phi rsinθdϕ, r d θ rd\theta rdθ(注意这里使用了近似方法。),那么 d A dA dA满足:
d A = r sin θ d ϕ × r θ = r 2 × sin θ d ϕ d θ dA=r\sin\theta d\phi \times r\theta = r^2\times\sin\theta d\phi d\theta dA=rsinθdϕ×rθ=r2×sinθdϕdθ
因此,单位极小立体角为:
d Ω = d A r 2 = sin θ d ϕ d θ d\Omega = \frac{dA}{r^2}=\sin\theta d\phi d\theta dΩ=r2dA=sinθdϕdθ
所以,立体角是投影面积与球半径平方值的比,这和“平面角是圆的弧长与半径的比”类似。 对极小立体角做曲面积分即可得立体角:
Ω = ∫ ∫ S d Ω = ∫ ∫ S sin θ d ϕ d θ \Omega = \int\int_Sd\Omega=\int\int_S\sin\theta d\phi d\theta Ω=∫∫SdΩ=∫∫Ssinθdϕdθ
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