Getting Started with SCM from Scratch (1): Summary of Background Knowledge

The single-chip microcomputer must summarize the background knowledge

1.1 The development process of single-chip microcomputer

(1)第一阶段(1976一1978)

初级8位单片机
以IntelThe company launched firstMCS-48A series of microcontrollers are represented.It is small in size、功能全、价格低等特点,won a wide range of applications,It has become an important stage in the development process of single-chip microcomputer.

(2)第二阶段(1978—1982)

高档8位单片机,IntelThe company launched the perfect、典型的MCS-51单片机系列.

• MCS-51Classic set8The bus structure of the MCU,包括8位数据总线、16位地址总线、Control bus and serial communication interface with multi-computer communication function.
• CPUCentralized management mode of peripheral functional units.
• It reflects the bit address space and bit operation mode of industrial control characteristics.
• The command system tends to be rich and perfect,Added many more commands to highlight control functions.例如：位控,Multiplication and division, etc.

Intel MCS-51系列：

• 51子系列：8031/8051/8751
• 52子系列：8032/8052/8752
• 低功耗型80C31高性能型80C252
• 廉价型89C2051/1051

(3)第三阶段(1982—1990)

16位单片机,It is also the stage of the development of microcontrollers to microcontrollers.

16位单片机Intel MCS-96 系列8098/8096、80C198/80C196

(4)第四阶段(1990之后)

高速、Large addressing range、Strong computing power8位／16位／32位通用型单片机,And small and cheap special-purpose single-chip microcomputer.

• 161-bit microcontroller Sunrise series
• 32位单片机ARM7 、ARM9、ARM10、80960、…….

​ The most typical representative should belongIntel公司的MCS-51系列单片机.直到现在MCS-51It is still the mainstream model in the single-chip microcomputer.This is mainly due to the industrial control、智能仪表、家用电器、ICCards and many other applications,8bit microcontroller series in performance、Both prices are well balanced.

1.2 单片机的发展趋势

多功能、高性能、低电压、低功耗、在线调试、低价格

Structural characteristics of the single-chip microcomputer(MCS- 51为例)

1. 集成度高
2. 系统结构简单
3. 可靠性高
4. 处理能力强,速度高

集成度高
8051内部包含4K字节ROM, 128字节RAM, 4个8位并行口,一个全双工串行口,Two sixteen-bit timer counters and a processing power is very strongCPU,Bit operations can be performed、乘除运算.

系统结构简单
8051The interior adopts a modular structure,Add or replace a module,Command system and pin-compatible products can be obtained.如8052The structure of the series of single-chip microcomputers is increased128字节RAMand a sixteen-bit timer counter.

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注意观察52比51series microcontroller gap.

以下51单片机：

Atmel
89C系列: 1051/2051/4051/51/52/58

1051/2051区别：1051Without serial port,2051With serial port.

89C系列:Fewer pins package,Flash Memory增大,Interruptions increase…

mp3编解码器89C5ISDNI（Special needs microcontroller）

Philips

1. P87LPC系列:760/761/762/764/769…

2. P89C系列: 51RA/RB/RC/RD…

3. P87LPC系列: OTP型（You can only burn a program once）, 20脚,2an accurate analog comparator,外加RC组成4路8位ADC, PWM, $I^2$C+URAT串 口,10个中断源,4级优先级,口线20mA驱动能力(可以直接驱动LED)…

4. P89C系列: 51RA/RB/RC/RD

   分别含8K——64K 字节ROM, 512——1K 字节RAM, ISP/ IAP （Program can be changed directly）, 20MHz/1Ty-6Tc, 7中断源,4优先级…

Winbond：W77系列,W78系列,
LG：GMS90系列,GMS97系列 (OTP)
Si emens：80C系列: 31/51/21/512/515/517/537;SAB系列: C501/502/503;
AMD：80C系列: 31/51/53/321/535/52T2;87系列: 8751/8753/87C51
STC系列,国产品牌…

• 可靠性：The environmental requirements are divided into：商用级0——70度,工业级-40——85度,军品级-50——125度.
• 处理能力强,速度高：
  MCS- -51There are addition, subtraction, multiplication and division instructions in the single-chip instruction system,Has various logical operations and transfer instructions,Also has a bit manipulation function.CPU时钟可达12MHz,Single-byte multiply and divide instructions are only required4us,And has a unique multi-machine communication function,Can be used as a subsystem in a multi-machine system.
• Easy to productize：
  Because the single chip application system has a small size,可靠性高,功能强,价格低等特点,It is therefore easy to form a product.It can be assembled into various products.

1.3 单片机的应用

单机应用

• Consumer electronics：家用电器、手机、High-end electronic toys
• 计算机系统：键盘、打印机、CRT、硬盘驱动（都有自己的控制器）
• 智能仪表：Digitization of instruments、智能化、多功能化
• 工业测控：机床、汽车（点火控制、防滑、变速、排气控制）、锅炉、自动报警
• Smart interfaces for networking and communication：路由器,交换机
• 军工领域：导弹控制、Torpedo Guidance Control

Multi-machine application
Functional distribution system：Warehouse temperature and humidity distribution monitoring and control system
Parallel multi-machine processing system：Parallel data acquisition system、处理系统
local area network system：Automatic meter reading system for building automation

1.4 Microcontroller development and development tools

The steps of the development and design of the microcontroller application system

1. 总体设计
2. 硬件设计
3. 软件设计
4. Overall system testing
5. 系统功能扩展、升级、完善

The length of the single-chip system design cycle is mainly determined by the time spent on software and hardware design and debugging.Because the single chip system is designed for special purpose,It has no debugging capabilities by itself,Therefore, it is necessary to use development tools.Also known as the development system, its basic function is:Diagnosis and inspection of system hardware circuits,User program input、修改、汇编、编译,Running and debugging of user programs:单步、断点等,程序的固化.

Several common microcontroller development systems

1. A specially crafted development system：Microprocessor manufacturers are designed specifically to support their own processors
2. （常用）Universal development system：最常用,The emulator communicates with the microcomputer,There is also an emulation board inserted into the microcomputer
3. Software simulation development：纯软件模拟,For debugging software

仿真器

The emulator is one of the hardware devices commonly used in the development of microcontroller applications.Its role is in a certain development environment,The ordinary microcomputer is simulated as a specific one-chip computer.Insert the emulator into the target board where the microcontroller is located,Developers can perform online programming on ordinary microcomputers、Online operation and online debugging,The result of its operation is exactly the same as the real one-chip computer.When the developer debugs the program correctly,Then write the compiled program into the microcontroller through the programmer

编程器

The programmer writes data to the corresponding deviceROMhardware device in ,-A typical programmer also has a readout、校验、测试等功能.In the development of single chip system,The programmer is used to write the compiled microcontroller program into the microcontrollerROM中,Make it form a single-chip microcomputer system that runs independently.

Online programmable technology(ISP),The microcontroller can be programmed easily through the serial port.

高级语言

常用的51A series of microcontroller high-level languages ​​are availablePLM和CTwo languages
C51与ANSI C（标准C）perfect,The program structure is also the same.与ANSI CThe difference is the particularity of the microcontroller development,在单片机CThe definition and description of the registers of the microcontroller are added in the language,Hence the use of a microcontrollerC语言时,One should pay special attention Definition of some special registers.

1.5 Overview of the microcontroller development environment

Keil uVision

最为广泛的是KEIL公司推出的集成开发环境Keil uVision.
Although this development environment is mainly used to develop microcontrollersC语言程序的,But it is also possible to develop assembly language programs,Can carry out simulation debugging of the program.甚至,It can also connect with some hardware emulators,Debug directly on the target board,功能非常强大.

EDA工具软件

Proteus软件是英国Labcenter electronics公司出版的EDA工具软件.它不仅具有其它EDA工具软件的仿真功能,还能仿真单片机及外围器件.它是目前最好的仿真单片机及外围器件的工具.

Proteus是世界上著名的EDA工具(仿真软件),从原理图布图、代码调试到单片机与外围电路协同仿真,一键切换到PCB设计,真正实现了从概念到产品的完整设计.Is currently the only general in the world电路仿真软件、PCB设计软件和虚拟模型仿真软件三合一的设计平台,其处理器模型支持8051、HC11、PIC10/12/16/18/24/30/DsPIC33、 AVR、ARM、8086和MSP430等,又增加Cortex和DSP系列处理器,并持续增加其他系列处理器模型.在编译方面,它也支持IAR、Keil和MPLAB等多种编译器.