【LeetCode】37、解数独

题目：

编写一个程序，通过填充空格来解决数独问题。

数独的解法需 遵循如下规则：

1. 数字 1-9 在每一行只能出现一次。
2. 数字 1-9 在每一列只能出现一次。
3. 数字 1-9 在每一个以粗实线分隔的 3x3 宫内只能出现一次。（请参考示例图）

数独部分空格内已填入了数字，空白格用 '.' 表示。

示例1：

输入：
board = 
[["5","3",".",".","7",".",".",".","."],
["6",".",".","1","9","5",".",".","."],
[".","9","8",".",".",".",".","6","."],
["8",".",".",".","6",".",".",".","3"],
["4",".",".","8",".","3",".",".","1"],
["7",".",".",".","2",".",".",".","6"],
[".","6",".",".",".",".","2","8","."],
[".",".",".","4","1","9",".",".","5"],
[".",".",".",".","8",".",".","7","9"]]

输出：
[["5","3","4","6","7","8","9","1","2"],
["6","7","2","1","9","5","3","4","8"],
["1","9","8","3","4","2","5","6","7"],
["8","5","9","7","6","1","4","2","3"],
["4","2","6","8","5","3","7","9","1"],
["7","1","3","9","2","4","8","5","6"],
["9","6","1","5","3","7","2","8","4"],
["2","8","7","4","1","9","6","3","5"],
["3","4","5","2","8","6","1","7","9"]]

解释：输入的数独如上图所示，唯一有效的解决方案如下所示：

提示：

board.length == 9
board[i].length == 9
board[i][j] 是一位数字或者 ‘.’
题目数据 保证 输入数独仅有一个解

解题思路：

解数独专用的思路：

类似人的思考方式去尝试，行，列，还有 3*3 的方格内数字是 1~9 不能重复。

我们尝试填充，如果发现重复了，那么擦除重新进行新一轮的尝试，直到把整个数组填充完成。

算法步骤：

1. 数独首先行，列，还有 3*3 的方格内数字是 1~9 不能重复。
2. 声明布尔数组，表明行列中某个数字是否被使用了， 被用过视为 true，没用过为 false
3. 初始化布尔数组，表明哪些数字已经被使用过了。
4. 尝试去填充数组，只要行，列， 还有 3*3 的方格内 出现已经被使用过的数字，我们就不填充，否则尝试填充。
5. 如果填充失败，那么我们需要回溯。将原来尝试填充的地方改回来。
6. 递归直到数独被填充完成。

参考代码：

class Solution {
    
    public void solveSudoku(char[][] board) {
    
        // 三个布尔数组 表明 行, 列, 还有 3*3 的方格的数字是否被使用过
        boolean[][] rowUsed = new boolean[9][10];
        boolean[][] colUsed = new boolean[9][10];
        boolean[][][] boxUsed = new boolean[3][3][10];
        // 初始化
        for(int row = 0; row < board.length; row++){
    
            for(int col = 0; col < board[0].length; col++) {
    
                int num = board[row][col] - '0';
                if(1 <= num && num <= 9){
    
                    rowUsed[row][num] = true;
                    colUsed[col][num] = true;
                    boxUsed[row/3][col/3][num] = true;
                }
            }
        }
        // 递归尝试填充数组 
        recusiveSolveSudoku(board, rowUsed, colUsed, boxUsed, 0, 0);
    }
    
    private boolean recusiveSolveSudoku(char[][]board, boolean[][]rowUsed, boolean[][]colUsed, boolean[][][]boxUsed, int row, int col){
    
        // 边界校验, 如果已经填充完成, 返回true, 表示一切结束
        if(col == board[0].length){
    
            col = 0;
            row++;
            if(row == board.length){
    
                return true;
            }
        }
        // 是空则尝试填充, 否则跳过继续尝试填充下一个位置
        if(board[row][col] == '.') {
    
            // 尝试填充1~9
            for(int num = 1; num <= 9; num++){
    
                boolean canUsed = !(rowUsed[row][num] || colUsed[col][num] || boxUsed[row/3][col/3][num]);
                if(canUsed){
    
                    rowUsed[row][num] = true;
                    colUsed[col][num] = true;
                    boxUsed[row/3][col/3][num] = true;
                    
                    board[row][col] = (char)('0' + num);
                    if(recusiveSolveSudoku(board, rowUsed, colUsed, boxUsed, row, col + 1)){
    
                        return true;
                    }
                    board[row][col] = '.';
                    
                    rowUsed[row][num] = false;
                    colUsed[col][num] = false;
                    boxUsed[row/3][col/3][num] = false;
                }
            }
        } else {
    
            return recusiveSolveSudoku(board, rowUsed, colUsed, boxUsed, row, col + 1);
        }
        return false;
    }
}