Embedded sharing collection 20

Weekend Sharing is also coming I'm busy with my wedding recently ha-ha So also send a little bullshit Relieve your mood At the weekend, I also had a fight over baking kebabs at home

One 、0Ω The resistance can be too much current

  0Ω How much current can the resistor exceed ？ This problem must have been checked by every Hardware Engineer . There is another related problem , That's it 0Ω How big is the resistance of the resistance ？

     These two questions were originally very simple , The answer should also be very clear , But netizens on the Internet have given different answers . Some people say 0Ω The resistance is 50mΩ, Others say that in fact, only 20mΩ; Some people say that only 1A electric current , Others say you can live 1.5A……

     that , How big is it ？ below , Let's go step by step .

0Ω Resistance value

     To solve these two problems , I checked the standard of resistance . according to EN60115-2 Resistance standard documentation ,0Ω The resistance of the resistance is 0Ω, But there will be deviations .0Ω There are three options for maximum resistance deviation , Respectively 10mΩ、20mΩ and 50mΩ.

     in other words ,0Ω Resistance deviation can have many kinds of deviation , It mainly depends on what kind of resistor manufacturers do .

     I downloaded several brands of , Like Roma 、 National giant 、 Guangjie's ordinary 0Ω I checked the resistance specification , Find what they marked 0Ω resistance , The maximum resistance is 50mΩ.

     So we can draw a conclusion ： Common 0Ω The maximum resistance of the resistance shall not exceed 50mΩ.

0Ω The overcurrent capacity of the resistor

     There is another view on the Internet , Think 0Ω The current of the resistor is calculated according to the power , The resistance is in accordance with 50mΩ To calculate . In this case ,0805 The resistance power of is generally 1/8W, Calculate the rated current should be 1.58A. however , I checked the specification and found , Roma 、 National giant 、 The major brands of Guangjie are 2A, There is some discrepancy with the calculated .

     Roma 、 National giant 、 Common products of the three major manufacturers of Guangjie 0Ω The rated resistance current is as follows ：

     As can be seen from the above figure , Three major manufacturers 0Ω The rated current of the resistor is still slightly different . I suggest integrating the 、 Choose... According to the minimum value , So no matter what brand , Will not exceed the specification design .

     The table after rated current synthesis is as follows ：

     We see , The current of conventional resistors is not large , If it is selected according to the minimum value after synthesis , The biggest is 2A. If you find , I want to use 3A or 4A Of 0Ω resistance , So what should we do ？ It's very simple , It can be used 2 individual 0Ω Just connect the resistors in parallel .

     Speaking of this , Maybe you'll find it strange , How come some packages are getting bigger , But the overcurrent did not increase ？ for example ,0805 and 1206 All are 2A, Here should be the rated current, although there is no increase , But the instantaneous current should be bigger . If you open the resistance specification of Guoju , You'll find that it writes two parameters , One is the rated current , The other is the maximum current . The rated current is 2A, But the maximum current 0805 yes 5A,1206 yes 10A.

     notes ：Jumper Namely 0Ω resistance （ That's what the standard document says , As shown in the figure below ）.

Special high rated current 0Ω resistance

     If it's a higher current , Resistance is also optional . however , These resistors are unconventional , For example, this ROM's ultra-low resistance resistance , Maximum resistance 0.5mΩ, The small 100 times , The rated current has reached 20A+, But it's more expensive , It costs a few cents , Ordinary resistors can buy several for a penny .

Skillfully use 0Ω Resistance design PCB plate

     Many hardware beginners see PCB On the board 0Ω Resistance time , Often a confused face , Related articles : Tips for using zero ohm resistance . They often ask ： Since there's nothing in this thing , Why use it ？

     Actually ,0Ω Resistors are of great use , If you use it well , Can greatly facilitate PCB Board design and commissioning . below , Let's talk briefly 0Ω The role of resistance .

     for example , The boss is out of cost considerations , Let you design a single panel , in other words , The installation and wiring of components can only be on one side , Your biggest headache is that some lines can't go through , It must be connected across lines , Make two holes with jumper ？ If in research and development , This method is still possible , But one day your design becomes a product , Need mass production , It's much more troublesome for the machine to toss the jumper than to place a resistor , Now 0Ω Resistance can help you a lot ！ According to your space , May choose 0805、0603 or 0402 The resistance of .

Isolation of front and rear stages during commissioning

     If your design is new , Yes PCB The functions of many parts of the board and the performance that can be achieved are uncertain , Getting the board back will face a thrilling debugging ,debug An important principle of is to limit the problem to a minimum , Therefore, the isolation between multiple circuits is very important .

     In the debug A When the circuit is , You don't want B The work of the circuit affects your debugging , Then the best way is to break the connection between them , and 0Ω Resistance is the best way to isolate ！

     No welding during commissioning , After debugging, confirm that this part of the circuit is OK , It can be 0Ω Install the resistor . Of course , It can be completely removed in the final product .

For testing current

     If you want to test the current of a certain circuit , One way is to measure the voltage at both ends of a resistor on the path through a voltmeter （ Ensure that the internal resistance of the voltmeter does not affect the measurement accuracy ）, The current of this circuit can be calculated by Ohm's law .

     Another way is to string the ammeter directly on the circuit , Therefore, a... Can be placed on the circuit 0Ω resistance , When measuring the current, use both ends of the ammeter to replace the resistance , After the measurement, the resistance can be installed .

Bring flexibility to your debugging

     Various possibilities can be reserved , Select different resistors according to actual needs , It can replace the jumper , The drilling of jumper is avoided 、 Installation takes up a large space , And jumpers can also cause high-frequency interference .

     such as ,PCB A low-pass filter is designed on the board , If it is found that it is not necessary in the end or there is no time to debug the low-pass filter at the beginning of debugging , But we have to let the signal flow through , It can be used 0Ω Resistance to replace the resistance in the original design / inductance , Without capacitors . When the matching circuit parameters are uncertain , With 0Ω Resistance substitution , During actual debugging, determine the parameters, and then replace them with components with specific values .whaosoft aiot http://143ai.com

Single point connection of analog ground and digital ground for signal integrity

     Some people say 0Ω The resistance is the same as none , Why not connect directly ？ Imagine , If you don't have this in the circuit diagram 0Ω resistance , do PCB Layout You may ignore the principle of single point connection ,CAD Software will also be tangled together , Can't reach your original intention of single point connection .

     Of course , Magnetic beads can also be used for single point connection , But my personal view is that if the location of the connection point is selected well , Magnetic beads are more expensive than resistors , It's no good . In practice , You can use smaller packages 0Ω resistance , such as 0402 and 0201, When welding, just lap the two ends together with a soldering iron , In this way, even the resistance is saved .

Increase the difficulty of being reverse engineered

     If you put multiple different colors on the circuit 、 Different packages 、 Without resistance mark 0Ω resistance , It does not affect the working performance of the circuit , But it can make the people who copy your board crazy in an instant .

    PCB Different configurations are supported on the board , Some versions may have some circuits that are not installed , It can be used to isolate circuit parts that are not installed , such as iPhone There is WiFi Version and WiFi+3G Version of , It's actually a design .

      What about? ？ This 0Ω Resistance plays a big role ！ In future projects, let's experience it slowly , Many times, it is used flexibly , Many problems that will make you headache can be solved .

Two 、 Software is much simpler than hardware

Why is software simpler than hardware ？

　　 Please note that programming is indeed a craft .

       mean , Software anyone who graduated from junior high school can easily get started .

　　 In fact, many young people are proficient in software in primary school .

　　 This shows that the software is actually easy to get started .

　　 It's like building blocks .

　　 The less people have been polluted .

　　 The easier it is to use your imagination to write any program according to your own ideas .

　　 Even in 506070 Young people abroad in the s .

　　 Those who are proficient in software are like this .

　　 Any software development environment you can use .

　　 Are modular enough .

　　 That is to say, the modules for building blocks have already been equipped .

　　 If building blocks is a problem of your own imagination .

　　 You don't need to study computer science .

　　 Anyone who realistically approaches his actual problems .

　　 Will know how to write problem-solving software .

　　 Of course, how to absorb good programming methods from books .

　　 It's also very good .

　　 Software development is really a skill that is easy to get started and easy to upgrade .

　　

Making hardware requires long-term accumulation

　　 Especially analog circuit .

　　 No one can really understand any simple amplification circuit .

　　 This is an indisputable fact .

　　 Getting started with analog circuits is far more difficult than software .

　　 This is from the perspective of being able to design circuits freely .

　　 And software is easy for even a preschool child to get started and design software programs freely .

　　 But the world has never surpassed 5 Individuals can design circuits freely .

　　 Even analog circuits can have modules .

　　 But even if you can build analog circuits and other building blocks .

　　 Its nature is different from that of the software industry .

　　 Because the design of hardware circuit needs real experts .

　　 But the world is no more than 3 individual .

　　 Or according to the design manual, I don't know why “ Building blocks ”.

　　 People who have been engaged in analog circuits for a long time .

　　 It's more because I have a perceptual understanding of analog circuits because I have been in contact with analog circuits for a long time .

　　 For a long 20 For those who worked in analog circuits in .

　　 The biggest gain is that when he retired, he just understood the working principle of the first analog circuit he encountered when he just joined the work .

　　 Making hardware is like traditional Chinese Medicine , It's not an old Chinese medicine until the heat comes ！ Yanqing Chuanbei community 45 Miss sun Collect and sell waste products and junk for stock speculation Waste sun Recycle

　　 Can electronic products be stable , Hardware is crucial , Because of the instability of hardware design, the last thing is to push down and redesign , The software can also modify the code and download it again after compiling . We have been designing for a long time , I will understand it slowly .

　　 Electromagnetic field and electromagnetic wave 、 Microwave and antenna 、 High speed signal processing 、 Signal integrity 、PCB Wired Practical measures 、 Treatment measures for electromagnetic compatibility of the system 、 Ability to debug circuits and solve circuit faults , wait

　　 Do hardware design 10 Within a year , Just for life ！

　　 If 15 In the above , You have been doing hardware design is the respected Master ！

3、 ... and 、 I went into the wrong pit and didn't talk about electronic engineers

    Here I mainly talk about the novice electronic engineer with my personal experience , The confusion you may face when starting a technical career 、 Concerns and expectations for the future .

Questions of interest to novices

1 The ambivalence of Electronic Engineers —— Electronic novices have nothing to do , No one taught , The work has no technical content ?

     Electronic novices are often impetuous , Refuse to make progress , Refuse to precipitate , Fear of losing face . Remember everyone who humiliates you , They are your nobles . Thank those who embarrassed him ; Thank the teachers who inspired you . Electronics Busy and idle in R & D work , It's very normal . Lack of overall understanding of the electronics industry makes novices feel they have nothing to do ; Lack of good communication with colleagues makes novices have no one to teach ; The lack of in-depth analysis of the work makes Novices feel they have nothing to do . Learn to find something to do , Observe with an open mind and sincerity , Ask questions , You can get rid of “ Have nothing to do , No one taught ” Contradictory mentality .

2 Electronic engineers in big cities and small cities are better ?

     Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen are the four cities with the most concentrated electronic industries , There are many job opportunities , Most of the R & D centers or headquarters of many multinational companies are in these four cities . Prices are expensive in big cities , High transportation costs , Work fast , High pressure , But there is also a big choice . In addition to work in small cities , Is more suitable for life . Jingmuhua was in a small city in the early days , Able to walk 15 Minutes to work , Insist on going swimming every morning , Spring, summer, autumn and winter never stop ,2006 I came to work in the center of Shanghai by accident in, and now . On the whole , Big and small cities have their own advantages , It's all a way to live . If you like your job , Take a fancy to your career , Big cities have more opportunities , Maybe it's better for you ; If you want to find a better place to live , You can choose to develop in small cities .

3 Electronic engineers in large and small companies are better ?

     Electronic novices try to choose large companies when they first start working . Big companies are stable , There are many electronic experts accumulated inside , There are more opportunities to learn technology , At the same time, learn their way of life . If you can enter a foreign enterprise to wait 3 To 5 Better year , Complete workflow and distinct corporate culture can shape your good habits , It will benefit you forever . Large electronics companies in the Pearl River Delta , There are 50 Many electronic R & D engineers ; To Shanghai is to enter a large international company , The hardware inside 、 There are more experts in software system , Many are from IBM、GE When you change jobs , Sea turtle 、 Doctors also have a lot of . however , Personal ability to a certain extent, maybe you can go to a small company , That will be another sky .

4 Electronic engineers who prefer hardware and software are better ?

     On the question of whether to engage in software or hardware , You can also refer to this article : How to learn SCM ？ Generally speaking , Same long years of work , The salary of software is slightly higher than that of hardware ; In quantity , There will be more software jobs than hardware jobs ; The accumulation of industry experience in software positions will affect Job transition ; Hardware is more promising in the long run , It's more convenient to change careers later , And you can find more fun ; A real master is both hard and soft . Jingjinghua once wandered in the hard and soft , The hard choice is hard , Find it really suits you .

5 E-technology learning should Focus Depth is still Focus Breadth ?

     Pure advanced technology , It doesn't bring you wealth . There are a lot of electronic novices , I always thought I had learned ARM、FPGA, Can draw 10 Layer or more circuit boards , It will certainly bring high salary , It's not . Technology Art is interlinked , It's easy to focus on learning a single technology . Grasp the current and industry characteristics , It's most safe to study technology in combination with practice . Too many advanced technologies are sleeping . Depth is not necessarily useful , Breadth Not necessarily useful , Technologies that can be commercialized and marketed are most useful .

6 Communication and technical proficiency , It's more important for electronic engineers ?

     Many engineers focus on technology , Ignoring the importance of communicating with others , Not being reused by the company for a long time ; More engineers think they have mastered the popular technology , Like a smartphone , Wireless communication, etc , You can certainly change Change their lives , Let them live a more fulfilling life . Actually , Focus on mastering the core technology of their own industry in combination with their own reality , Constantly update your self-concept , Improve your self-cultivation level , Reflect on the way you deal with people Method , Such an electronic engineer has a better prospect . A lot of times , Communication is more important to an electronic engineer than technical proficiency .

7 How to become a master electronic engineer ？

     The job of an electronics engineer is to put a bunch of devices together , Inject ideas ( Program ), Complete the functions that cannot be completed when these devices are separated , Make a finished product that can be commercialized . Technical experts need continuous accumulation . Learning attitude is important , The method of learning is important , Learning environment and a good teacher are more important , Self summary and self realization are the most important —— That is, after mastering some basic knowledge , Keep understanding . Focus on one industry , Get ready Good struggle for ten years , Or at least 3～5 Master the core technology of the industry for years ; Diligent in thinking , Always have an idea ; Be diligent in your hands , Do what's like , Can find and hate rough manufacturing , Yes, exquisite and rigorous be passionately devoted , I believe you will become an electronic master in a few years .

8 What kind of electronic engineers are most popular ？

     The comprehensive quality of electronic engineers has been improved in general . Proficient in English or other second language , Computer operation is very skilled , Be good at communicating with people , Make achievements in one field , Have a relatively sufficient understanding of the electronic industry system Explain , Electronic engineers who can continue to learn are the most popular . in other words ,“ Versatile Electronic Engineer ” Most popular . Do the right project , Meet the right boss , From technology to high level , It is often desirable but not desirable . Whether you can enter the company you want, in addition to your own efforts , Fate is very important .

9 What is the way to change careers through in-depth development of Technology ？

     From hardware or software , Upgrade to Firmware Engineer ; From Firmware Engineer , Upgrade to system architecture engineer ; From hardware to software , From software to testing ; Electronic engineer according to the actual situation and personal interests , Look at the opportunity to change careers, maybe find another sky . There are many colleagues around me , A successful career change . A colleague transferred from embedded software engineer to test , And become a master in the field of embedded software testing , Get reuse in the company .

10 What is the way to give up technology and change careers ？

     Try to think about every link of the electronics industry ecosystem , Think about whether you have a suitable position ? From electronic engineer to market , Switch from electronic engineer to management , From electronic engineer to production 、 Quality control The reason is ……, These are roads . There are several high school students who have transferred from the market to the overseas market , Travel in Bangladesh , Russia , One also became a regional marketing manager . Changing careers to management is the easiest way to think of , Dan To meet but not to ask , cannot meet the needs of the people . There are many ways to change from Electronic Engineer , You need to choose according to your own situation and Industry .

11 What are the trends in the electronics industry ？

     The computer 、 automobile 、 Home appliance 、 signal communication 、 Industry 、 traffic 、 aviation 、 Multimedia audio and video 、 Medical care 、 Power Supply 、 microelectronics , Every industry is intelligent 、 Networking 、 Wireless 、 miniaturization . In every industry, there are many outstanding companies with high-end core competitiveness and extremely making money . Focus on a few years in an industry , Master the core technology of the industry , Your future will be broader .

12 What is the trend of Electronic Technology ？

     Five times of electronic technology have come ：Wireless Time 、FPGA Time 、Linux Time 、Smartphone Time 、Audio-Video Time . In any heat Be proficient in a technical point in this field , You are amazing . For many years to come , You're not afraid of being eliminated . One of my college classmates , After graduation, I have been focusing on audio , Now it's a small achievement .

13 What are the deep-seated reasons for the electronic engineers of cups ？

     Cup with life , The real reason for chicken rib life is ： In addition to heredity , Bad temper 、 lazy 、 Wrong direction 、 Wrong method , Didn't insist , Afraid of change . Here comes the temper 、 The blessing is gone , Think about whether you have cancer character ? Everyone needs Establish a social support system , There are two or three friends or family you can talk to ; People who pursue perfection , Learned to appreciate yourself , Be tolerant of others , Lower the standard , There will be more happiness in life ; People who tend to be negative If you learn the conversion of gain and loss , Will be much more cheerful . Life is tired , A few people in order to survive , Most people in order to compare . No one's life is complete , Everyone has something missing . Some couples love each other 、 Hundreds of thousands a month , But no children ; There are talents with both looks 、 How much money you can do , The road of love is rough and difficult ; Some people have a lot of money , But the descendants are unfilial ; Someone seems to have a good life , But my head is empty all my life . Everyone's life , All are marked with a gap by God , You don't want it , But it goes hand in hand . I used to hate the lack of my life , But now I can accept . because , I realized the gap in life , Like a thorn on my back , Always remind us of humility , Be compassionate , Have a simple heart .

14 How to get more wealth , What is the channel ？

     Look for cracks in the rules . Generally speaking , Have some technical background , Good comprehensive ability , Job hopping is the quickest way to raise your salary ; With some primitive accumulation , Open source throttling , The secret of saving money , Selling services , Sell property product , Sell ideas , Making money with money for investment ; In the cracks of the electronics industry , Looking for opportunities to make money . People fall as soon as they are born , Trapped in all kinds of rules , In love 、 Workplace 、 The store 、 Officialdom …… Facing the illusion of life , Everyone wants to break free when he is awake , Every hard struggle , Instead, it gets deeper ! Invisible , Tangible , Visible , Invisible , It's all rules ! There are many opportunities in the electronics industry , Just See if you can find a crack in the rules ; With the in-depth understanding of society , You will find that there are many ways to obtain wealth .

     We can fail ten times, a hundred times , We only need to succeed once , This life may be enough , We need to hold on until we can succeed .

15 How to balance work and life ？

     Think carefully ： What are we living for ?

     Old age , To understand that people live except for the country , It's for children . Even for their own development , And don't delay your next generation . A Canadian Chinese American colleague in Shanghai talked about , He has many friends , Because the work is too busy , There are problems in children's education . Now it's too late to regret . Training more reserve elites for the country is also making contributions to the country .

     In life ： The realm of life is inversely proportional to your pain .

     Some darkness , You can only cross by yourself . Some pain , You can only experience . Some loneliness , You can only taste it yourself . But through the darkness , We must feel the warmth of the sun . Out of pain , We are sure to reach the height of growth . Say goodbye to loneliness , We must also reap the depth of our hearts .

     On the job ： Don't take yourself seriously , The earth goes round without you ！

     Iron barracks , Water soldier ; What happened in the past , People in the past . In fact, many things , Look back , That's it . For my own ideal , Move if you want .

     Treat others with a plain heart , Survive by technology , Rely on strength to develop , Speak with facts ! Focus and then focus , Finally, a breakthrough .....

What should an electronic engineer with a monthly salary of 20000 ？

     Salary and income , It's life with everyone 、 An eternal topic closely related to work . For most of US workers , We basically have no other source of income , We are purely working class . that , How to raise our salary ? I'm sure you'll like this topic ?

     Why is the monthly salary defined here 20K, Because I think ,20K It is a reasonable salary for senior engineers , The higher the salary , It is estimated that there will generally be a manager or something , You can't simply be an engineer .

     The boss won't give us a raise for no reason , But we must have the quality to ask our boss to give us a raise !

     that , As power engineers, we , What qualities do you need ? Let's discuss , Ok or not ? Let me start with my personal view ：

1 Education

     That's true. , There are many people who think that , Education and ability are not necessarily related . I admit it, too. , There is indeed a phenomenon of high scores and low energy . But we should not deny , Experienced many exams , Successful high education person , Most are smart and capable . To paraphrase a sentence taught by our teachers in the University ：“ If you can't even read well , How can you say you can do something else ?” Here it is , I don't mean to look at people with low education . Because there are many people with low education , Not because of their IQ , But because of all kinds of external factors leading to the interruption of learning . But I suggest , If your education is not high , If possible , Try to improve yourself Education background , At least we should improve our undergraduate level . Today, with the expansion of college enrollment , Tell the truth , Bachelor degree , It's basically the minimum requirement to become an engineer . When the employer doesn't know you , Education is the most basic The key to an interview .

2 To do something is to be a man

     look before you leap , In daily work , Modest and studious , Good at summarizing and accumulating , Love to help others , Don't put on airs , Serious and responsible, but not afraid of power . A successful person , Often do People succeed . After all, one's power is limited , With your help , Your growth , Including salary growth , It's very fast . A lot of high paying jobs , Often introduced or recommended by friends . And you , If you wish I hope to get the help of my friends , First of all, you must be a person who makes everyone willing to approach . Be a wise man , It's not just smart enough .

3 Improve your knowledge and skills

Designing power supply is like learning go . It's easy to get started , Proficient in difficult . The knowledge of power supply design is very broad , Then we need to learn as much as possible .

     At least , Physics 、 Advanced mathematics 、 Electromagnetics 、 Mathematical and physical knowledge such as circuit analysis should be able to , Improve a little more , For example, the principle of automatic control 、 Software programming 、 data structure 、 Basic chemistry, etc .

     Need to master some professional software ：

• Circuit design class , Such as protel、powerpcb Wait for at least one , The more proficient, the better .

• Mechanical design , Such as ProE、Solidworks、AutoCad Wait for at least one , The more proficient, the better .

• Simulation class , Such as Orcad/pspice、Saber、Matlab The more you wait, the better 、 The more proficient, the better .

• Computing class , Such as Mathcad, The more proficient, the better .

• The rest of the ,OFFICE Series is the minimum . Welcome to add .

• You still need to master ：EMC、 Standards and specific requirements of national safety specifications, etc .

     These knowledge intersect with each other , Not independent . for instance , An excellent power engineer , It must be a power supply PCB A master of , At the same time, safety regulations and EMC Our understanding should also be very in-depth , Then calculate the transformer 、 Design transformer structure 、 Drawing all kinds of drawings should not be a problem .

4 Be good at thinking , Diligent in thinking

     Think about technology , Think about the philosophy of life . think about it , If you are in an industry that relies on low-cost competition , Then your salary is one of the costs considered by the boss , So you get a high salary Will there be more opportunities ? But here , I don't want you to aim high , What kind of ability , What can you do . Or that sentence , First let yourself have the quality of getting a high salary .

Four 、 Be able to fight in a company 10 Or wait for retirement

Because my daughter-in-law said every day that she could retire

     On the Internet, dividends are exploding , Today, people are restless , You can get... In a company 5~10 year , It's really not easy , I remember if the former owner was full 8 year , You can have flowers , With a small gold nugget , It's said to be valuable .

     Here is the author of Zhihu " Shen Shijun " One of the answers , It feels good , Share with you .

     I'm an old programmer , In this company （500 Strengthen foreign enterprises ）, It's already served today 10 year , The current title is “ Senior Software technologist ”.

     A lot of people , Especially in software , I heard that I have served in this company 10 year , I'm surprised , I feel like either my technology is bad , Or no pursuit .

     Actually , Are not . The reason why I want to stay in this company , It's really because she's really great , Meet all my needs .

Work life balance

     I probably remember , In this company's 10 year , The total overtime is no more than 10 God . lately 3 Year is not a day .

    20 Days of annual leave , Sick leave doesn't count , Basically, please take it off .

     I've never heard of the leader who doesn't approve annual leave for employees .

     Such gentle work , Not to mention in “996” Popular IT circle , In any traditional industry , Even civil servants , Not often .

     For young people , High intensity overtime may not be a big problem . But people have passed 30, With a family , I'm obsessed with trifles , Energy goes from bad to worse , I feel more and more that I can have such a job , It's a blessing in life .

Top technology

     My business department , The main technology is artificial intelligence . And in some segments ,10 Since then , The company's algorithms have been leading the industry .

     But I'm a software developer , Be influenced by what one constantly sees and hears , But also has been in contact with the industry's most cutting-edge technology .

     The company encourages employees to try out new technologies , It doesn't limit the development direction of engineers .10 Since then , Whether it's desktop development （C#/WPF）、 still Java The backend development , Or front end development , I have been deeply involved in .

     So relative to some companies , Special post and special person , I'm in the breadth of Technology , There is no obvious limitation .

Soft power

     In addition to technology “ Hard power ”, The company also pays special attention to the development of employees “ Soft power ”, For example, speaking ability , Copywriting skills and so on .

     And this soft power , The more you move forward in your career , The more valuable .

     I often think , If one day , I lost my current job , Maybe no one will hire me to write code any more . By then , Maybe I can rely on my accumulation over the years , You can apply for some other positions , For example, pre-sale 、 after-sales 、 Trainers, etc .

     At least I have a bite to eat .

Occupation development

     My career development , On the whole, we have taken a “ technology -> management -> technology ” The route of the .

     From technology to management is because of the typical “ officialdom is the natural outlet for good scholars ”.

     From management to technology , It's following the heart . The whole process , The company respects my ideas , No barriers were set up .

     This year I 41 year , Every day, I still struggle in the front line of programming . In this company , It's a normal thing , There's no embarrassment .

Comfortable working environment

     I've been to a lot of Internet companies , Many office environments are halls , Big long table . Not even a basic partition . Between stations , People crowd people , I wish I could stretch and meet someone else .

     And the average office space of our company is 20 Square meters , A lot of people have it at the same time 3 A monitor . After work , Or lie down with your legs extended , Or stand up and do some push ups , It can't be easier .

     And senior employees , Many have independent offices , Whether it's management or technology .

A competitive salary

     Of course , Any company , The best technology 、 The most comfortable working environment , If you give too little money , No doubt they are all hooligans .

     In the past 10 Mid year , front 8 year , My salary is among my friends with the same qualifications , Always up front . But just these two years , With the strong development of the Internet , Only one after another of my friends overtook me , But also individual , And it's no exaggeration .

     For example, friends earn money in Internet companies 1 ten thousand , Then I might earn 8500.

     however , Friends for this more 15%, But I spent nearly twice as much time , And it's the most precious break time . This input-output ratio , in my opinion , It's too low .

     Of course , I'm not saying for all of you , This company is perfect . But when it comes to me , At every point in time , But it might be the best for me .

     Good morning! 10 In the year , I'm young , And lack of money , And energetic , Can also withstand high intensity of overtime . But at that time, my salary was higher than that of my peers , So there is no reason to leave .

     Now? , Although the salary advantage is no longer , But the age is fast 40 Year old , Energy is not as good as before , More attention needs to be paid to family and health . Fortunately, there are no children , And now if I'm looking for a small raise , And the job hopping to 996 Popular Internet companies , No doubt he is ready to die and live .

     Of course , There will never be a perfect thing in the world . Even if there is , Not all the time , Let one person take it all .

     The biggest problem with this company is , In the past two years, foreign enterprises are on the decline . Right next to me , Massive layoffs have happened many times .

     therefore , today , Although I work hard every day , I sincerely hope this company is good . But I'm also prepared , If it comes to me one day , I have nothing to say .

     I'm going to get compensation （n+3）, Go home and adjust for a while , And then start the next journey of your life .

     But anyway , In my heart , I have a deep relationship with this company . She influenced me , Transformed me , It's the most important thing in my life , The most enjoyable time . I Believe , On the day of death , On my deathbed memories , There must be something in my heart that she can't erase .

5、 ... and 、 100 million investment , How long can I burn in the chip company ？

Our company is XX The company has not invested its own chips

100 million investment , How long can I burn in the chip company ？

     I asked the founders of several chip companies about this question .

     Have said 2 Year of （ A medium-sized circuit , Mature process MCU Chip company ）;

     Have said 1 Year of （ some AI Computing chip company ）;

     Some say half a year （ Communications SoC chip , Need to build a team of 100 people ）;

     The most powerful one is one month （ The speed of spending money .... I can't help but shed tears of poverty ）; The brother who spent a month bought a A The Ultra Luxury architecture package produced by alphabet company ？

     When a hundred million yuan is burned , In fact, many companies haven't even seen the chip , There is a mold and a kind of demo Probably didn't come out . But I'm sorry , The next financing must be immediately received , Otherwise, all the money previously invested may be lost . How on earth did the money burn .

     Chip design companies do not have any particularly expensive machinery and site investment , It belongs to asset light company , The main cost comes from the cost of personnel , The cost of film production and all kinds of intellectual property and service fees , These expenses , It will let you realize what it means to spend money like water .

     Take one applied in the data center AI Processor chip as an example , Even if it is not the industry's highest sophisticated indicator , One hundred million can only barely produce a generation of products .

Build team

     For the chip team , First of all, we have to find three architects who haven't run away （ A system level , Two microarchitectures IP Level or engage in performance design and PPA Of ）, The first step is to at least put the chip architecture together , according to 2021 Data for the second half of the year , A more senior architect （ Architects are not too junior ） My annual salary is basically 150W start , If you want to recruit a super architect in the industry , Their salary 200W rise .

     Bridge bean sack ！ This is the current salary of architects , I didn't say it was his expected salary （ Hand cover your face ）, Don't forget that we are a start-up company , What should our team do if we want to attract top architects ？

     cash , Stock options , Vision inculcation （ Jianghu is commonly known as brainwashing or picture cake ） One cannot be less .

     oh , If the founder has strong persuasive ability, personal charm and industry influence , It can let a group of awesome bosses choose to join with a flat salary or even a pay cut , Meet such a founder , The gold owners' dads invested, so people quickly invested , I call it the second core competitiveness of chip enterprises ！

     Architects have , It's the least to build a small half a year , Specific work should be done from the beginning of the period RTL 了 .

     Chip small scale ？ Recruit first 5 individual designer（ Logic chip design engineer ）.

     Medium scale ？ Recruit first 10 individual designer Well .

     Very large scale ？20 A start , The uncapped . wait .

     Design alone is definitely not enough , One design has to be verified by two （design verification） Engineers , Our start-up company , You have to save some money , A design engineer is equipped with 1.5 A validation engineer , Or a designer with an experienced Verification Engineer （ My mother praised me as a money saver ）.

     Even the smallest team , Also want to 10 An engineer at the front end of the chip （5 Bit design +5 Bit verification ）, Because design and verification are among the most sought after talents in the industry , Last year, most chip companies in order to ensure team stability , All of them have given their engineering team a sharp rise in salary , Want to persuade them to come out and join our small start-up , Or the founding team broke their lip , or HR Break your tongue , Or spend money to make headhunters talk nonsense .

     Currently in-service design / The salary range of the verifier is about this , Take the Shanghai market as an example , Fresh masters are common 30-50W;2-5 It is common in 40-80W;5 year -10 year 50-100W;10 More than years mostly 100W start .

     The more high-end chips , The more senior personnel are needed , To save money , Founders meet during the day , management , Pull financing , In the evening, I have to go back to the company and do my own technology on the front line , It's really not easy ;

    RTL Soon freeze When , Don't stop ,DFT（ Testability design engineer ） and PD（ Physical implementation engineer ） The staff is about to go .

     It is very expensive for chip companies to maintain a complete back-end team . Most of the back-end types of work belong to the project system , The chip will only intervene before the streaming node （ Will be phased tired into Wang ）, In the architecture and front-end stage, the workload is often not saturated , Therefore, many chip companies choose to outsource the work of chip back-end to chip design service companies （design service）, But the cost of a design also ranges from hundreds of thousands to millions .

     Although chip companies are hardware companies , But software engineers are also indispensable , Due to the recent two years AI Chip fire , Led to a once unpopular category “ Compiler software engineer ” In the past two years, it has been fried at a sky high price , Two big factories HR In order to compete for one 3 With years of experience, the compiler brother is so busy that he can even remember the scene of opening the auction bidding mode .

     Now the chip is in the design stage , Software 、 The algorithm has to consider embedding . If chip design engineers are still expensive , So the engineers of chip algorithm are really expensive, few and proud , A senior AI The annual salary of chip algorithm engineer is higher than that of the founder 2 Times is also a normal phenomenon .

     So let's do that , Only the basic staff are barely equipped or find some design service companies to help ,2000W About is ready to spend , So far, the team has just set up the just needed version , The chip doesn't even have half a shadow .

framework

     Initial stage of entrepreneurship , The founding team has to confirm which instruction set architecture camp to join , Now most low-power logic chip companies use ARM The structure of the company , Companies that make mobile phone chips are basically ARM In my camp .ARM Our products are good in quality but not cheap .

     Remember the deluxe set meal bought by the big brother in front ？

    ARM The starting price of the architecture is usually calculated in millions , The unit is not RMB but US dollars ！ Want to see the source code ？ Start with ten million dollars （ Of course, we started , Buy one first IP With the , Don't want to see the source code first , Even so, it will cost several million yuan ）. This is only the initial licensing fee .

     Every chip sold later ,ARM A certain proportion of the fee will also be charged , This is a considerable expenditure for chip companies in the future .

     Since it's so expensive to buy an architecture , Then I choose the one without money RISC-V Whether the architecture works （ You can understand it as Android of mobile system , Open source , Cheap or even free ）, Certainly. ！

     But the cost of subsequent ecological construction is outrageous , Look at those with RV Architecture of the company , Who doesn't have eight of ten marketing and sales Of , And this marketing team spends millions a year , The boss pinched his fingers , I bought it with tears ARM.

     Next , Coming face to face is EDA Software team , They took firm steps , Say to you ： comrade , It's time to pay . In terms of staffing , There are also various ways to save money on the instruction set architecture , So in EDA Software , This money really can't be saved . The design drawings of all chips must run in EDA Software , You can understand that people who do web graphic design don't leave Adobe The company's Photoshop equally .

     The original EDA Software , At present, it is still monopolized by several giants , Whether it's Synopsys The company's , Cadence The company's , still Mentor The company's , Buying a set is millions more （ dollar ）, Even those that cost tens of millions EDA There are only a dozen simulation tools License.

     Can I use piracy ？ Unless you don't want to take the chip to the stream , Otherwise, you'd better buy the genuine version honestly .

     Is the money for virtual things over here ？ Pattern drawing simple.

     And then there's a bunch of IP How to solve it , Design or buy or find design service The company will do it , In short, no matter what kind of , You have to swipe your card .

     Interface class HDMI, PCIE,DDR Wait, wait, wait IP How to solve , One IP, If you buy directly, it may cost hundreds of thousands or even millions , And each license There is an authorization period , If it expires, you have to renew it ;

     Hire your own engineers to do IP, The annual salary expenditure of a small team is also millions , Looking for a design service company is also a reason , The boss of the outsourcing company has to earn a little more price difference , But at least you can roll up your sleeves immediately after taking the job , The person recruited by himself may have to run in for a period of time , It will take time to verify whether it is reliable .

     If it is done CPU Or the phone SOC Baseband processor chip , Dozens of IP Wait for us to complete . Count up , This piece is hundreds to tens of millions of expenses , There is no upper limit .

     The above expenses are roughly estimated It's almost here 5000W The price of , A hundred million dollars , Half of these invisible things and services have been spent .

     After opening a chip company , Suddenly I feel that my girlfriend's hermes bags are so close to the people . But companies that can spend this money smoothly , In fact, it is better than many companies , Some companies cannot recruit people for more than half a year , I've been hesitating strategically whether to study by myself or save something to deal with first , Investors really want to spit fragrance after reading it .

Tape-out

     Ready to start streaming , The speed of spending money is like installing a rocket . For chip companies, streaming is like taking a big exam , And the exam registration fee is surprisingly expensive .

     I can't help interrupting , The scene before the release of the chip design company is the same as the classroom scene before the college entrance examination .

     There are cheering banners everywhere ：

     The final battle of streaming 60 Day countdown ...

     The atmosphere , It's very much like before the college entrance examination .

     Small companies usually don't choose the first version full mask（ Wrap a whole wafer ）, But will adopt mpw The way , Similar to pinduoduo mode , Several design companies share a wafer , But make sure the same process is used ; Whether or not to spell the order , You need to put the mask in advance （Mask） The money paid .

    Mask The manufacturing equipment of this thing is frighteningly expensive , Therefore, the mask version made is also invincible and expensive . A set of 65nm The starting price of the mask version of the process node is about 100W dollar .

     If the 28nm process , Then a set of mask plates 300W From US dollars , If it is 14nm, A set of 500W From US dollars .

     oh , A general set is not enough , You may need to prepare enough 2 set . Investors' hearts are dripping blood .

     Of course , Mask plate belongs to mask plate , The money for the streamer still needs to be paid separately . The price of a single slice is equivalent to burning a house , This is not a joke . Mature craft streamers may be a suite in Shanghai outer ring ,48nm Craft streamers may be a suite in Zhangjiang ,14nm Craft streamers may be a suite by the Huangpu River ,5-7nm Craft film once, that is a suite in Shanghai French Concession .

     Here we are. , One hundred million yuan has basically been spent .

test

     When you get the house , Oh no , It's after the chip comes back , The test is coming soon . Streaming doesn't mean that once it's successful, everything will be fine , Usually a chip just tape out There will be at least hundreds of them back for testing bug, Just fix these bug A year has passed .

     The team member who burned a lot of money above ： Boss , We have to settle our wages . Repair bug You really need to rack your brains , Let how many green teenagers become bald uncle , If you can't solve the problem, you have to find a professional failure analysis company to help you , Fix a few bug Hundreds of thousands of people can't run , by the way , Please wait in line after paying the money , The front and 10 Chip companies are scheduling .

     Of course , appear bug It's not all about design , Some will also involve the process of the wafer factory , Ask the engineers of the wafer factory for problems . Sorry, I'm too busy , Why don't you find an outside third-party testing agency to help you find the process bug？ Once again, hundreds of thousands were burned .

     Suppose one year later all bug It's all settled （ Even one more bug, Chips are just a brick ！）, I'm going to call Changdian , Hua Tian did the packaging test , Although it also costs money, the price is really close to the people than that of the wafer factory .

    Finally, The chip is finally ready .

     For the next round of financing and enterprise publicity , At this time, the exciting press conference can finally start ~ Holding a chip , Face the camera with a smile “ Our chip ,YES！”

Amount of travel

     If we compare running a chip company to learning from the West , When the first generation of chips began to move , At this time, you may have just walked out of Chang'an City , How to market in the future , How to improve the yield of mass production , How to reduce costs and improve gross profit margin , How to make your own chip into the terminal program , How to obtain various certifications （ Especially car chips ！）, Various business negotiations will be so complicated that you doubt your life .

     Circulation of inventory , How to handle the supply chain , Capacity acquisition , Every step is like walking on thin ice , At every step, there are people or institutions that need to spend money to solve and manage .

     by the way , Before the first generation of chips began to flow , Generally, the second generation chip has already been developed , Each of the above expenses should be repeated .

     So for chip startups , The first streaming failed , If the story is well told , The next round of financing can be sustained , Otherwise, it is likely that it will not be able to hold out until the time of sending the streamer for the second time .

     Today, a big bull in the industry told me ： The team of chip start-ups is to work hard , And again failure , Three and . I deeply agree with ,2 The secondary film failed , The team cohesion basically dissipated , This is something you can't buy back with any more money .

     therefore , Once a well-known investment manager in the circle summed up three ways to invest in chip design companies ： Ask for sign , Measure eight characters , Look at your face .

     Calculate a divination for everyone in the founding team before investing , See if these people have a life of great wealth , Don't waste money if you don't have it . Although it's a joke , But it still shows the bitterness and difficulty of chip investment .

     Now the whole semiconductor circle is very hot , Even companies selling milk tea and trousers have threatened to come from chip research , After reading my answer, it's estimated that the enterprise boss's heart trembled , Let's sell milk tea and clothes quietly .