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弱大数定理的意义与证明
2022-06-25 06:33:00 【herbie】
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弱大数定理的意义与证明
物理意义
大数定理是由概率的统计定义“频率收敛于概率”引申而来,它“说明”了一些随机事件的均值的长期稳定性。为了描述这一点,我们把频率通过一些随机变量的和表示出来。设做了次独立实验,每次观察某事件是否发生 ,则在这次实验中事件一共出现了次,而频率为:
若,则“频率趋于概率”表示在某种意义上,当很大时接近。但就是的期望值,故也可以写成: 当很大时接近与的期望值。 按上述表述,问题就可以不必局限于只取0, 1两个值的情况,事实也是如此,这就是较一般情况下得大数定理。“大数”的意思,就是指涉及大量数目的观察值,它表明大数定理中指出的现象,只有在大量次数的实验和观察之下才能成立。例如一所大学可能包含上万名学生,如果我们随意观察一个学生的身高,则与全校学生的平均身高可能相去甚远。如果我们观察10个学生的身高取平均,则它有更大的机会与更接近些。如观察100个,则其平均又能更与接近些。再比如抛掷一颗均匀的6面骰子,1,2,3,4,5,6应等概率出现,所以每次扔出骰子后,出现的期望值是,基于大数定理,如果多次抛掷骰子,随着抛掷的次数增多,平均值(样本平均值)应该接近3.5。
下面给出投掷单个骰子的过程来展示大数定理。 
代码如下:
clear all;
clf;
clc;
% Specify how many trials you want to run:
num_trials = 1000;
% Now grab all the dice rolls:
trials = randi(6, [1 num_trials]);
% Plot the results:
figure(1);
% Cumulative sum of the trial results divided by the index gives the average:
plot(cumsum(trials)./(1:num_trials), 'r-');
% Let's put a reference line at 3.5 just for fun (make the color a darker green as well):
hold on;
plot([1 num_trials], [3.5 3.5], 'color', [0 0.5 0]);
% Make it look pretty:
title('average dice value against number of rolls');
xlabel('trials');
ylabel('mean value');
legend('average', 'y=3.5');
axis([0 num_trials 1 6]);
定义
设是相互独立,服从同一分布的随机变量序列,且具有数学期望.作前个变量的算数平均,则对于任意,有
证明
预备知识可参考前期文章:
我们在随机变量的方差存在,证明上述结果,由期望、方差和切比雪夫不等式可知
又由独立性得
由切比雪夫不等式可得
在上式中令,即得
是一个随机事件。等式(1)表明,当时这个事件的概率趋于1.即对于任意正数,当充分大时,不等式成立的概率很大。通俗地说,辛钦大数定理是说,对于独立同分布且具有均值的随机变量,当很大时它们的算数平均很可能接近于.
预备知识可参考前期文章:
由前期文章辛钦大数定理又可以叙述为 弱大数定理(辛钦大数定理) 设随机变量相互独立,服从同一分布且具有数学期望.则序列依概率收敛于,即
参考文献
[1] 茆诗松, 程依明, 濮晓龙. 概率论与数理统计教程(第二版)[M]. 高等教育出版社, 2019.
[2] 盛骤, 谢式千, 潘承毅. 概率论与数理统计[M]. 高等教育出版社, 2010.
[3] https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%B8%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87
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