Analysis of C language [advanced] paid knowledge [II]

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Calculate the length

sizeof:

Calculated variables , Array , The size of the type , Unit is byte （ The operator ）

#include<stdio.h>int main(){    //sizeof( Array name )- The array name represents the name of the entire array - It calculates the size of the entire array     //& Array name  -  The array name represents the entire array , It takes out the address of the entire array     // besides , All array names are the address of the first element of the array ​    // Shape array     int a[]={1,2,3,4};    printf("%d\n",sizeof(a));//16    printf("%d\n",sizeof(a+0));//4/8 a+0 Is the address of the first element ,sizeof(a+0) It calculates the size of the address     printf("%d\n",sizeof(*a));//4 *a Is the first element of the array ,sizoef(*a) It calculates the size of the first element     printf("%d\n",sizeof(a+1));//4/8  a+1 Is the address of the second element ,sizeof(a+1) The size of the calculated address     printf("%d\n",sizeof(a[1]));//4  It calculates the size of the second element ​    printf("%d\n",sizeof(&a));// 4/8 [email protected] Although the address of the array , But it's also the address ,sizeof(&a) It calculates the size of an address     printf("%d\n",sizeof(*&a));//16 - Calculate the size of the array     //&a -- int(*p)[4]=&a;    printf("%d\n",sizeof(&a+1));//4/8 - &a+1-- The address of the space behind the array     printf("%d\n",sizeof(&a[0]));//4/8    printf("%d\n",sizeof(&a[0]+1));//4/8​    // A character array     char arr[]={'a','b','c','d','e','f'};    printf("%d\n",sizeof(arr));//6    printf("%d\n",sizeof(arr+0));//4/8 - Pointer size  - The address indicated by the pointer is 4 A byte address     printf("%d\n",sizeof(*arr));//1    printf("%d\n",sizeof(arr[1]));//1    printf("%d\n",sizeof(&arr));//4/8    printf("%d\n",sizeof(&arr +1));//4/8    printf("%d\n",sizeof(&arr[0]+1));//4/8    return 0;}​

#include<stdio.h>int main(){    //sizeof( Array name )- The array name represents the name of the entire array - It calculates the size of the entire array     //& Array name  -  The array name represents the entire array , It takes out the address of the entire array     // besides , All array names are the address of the first element of the array ​    // Shape array     int a[]={1,2,3,4};    printf("%d\n",sizeof(a));//16    printf("%d\n",sizeof(a+0));//4/8 a+0 Is the address of the first element ,sizeof(a+0) It calculates the size of the address     printf("%d\n",sizeof(*a));//4 *a Is the first element of the array ,sizoef(*a) It calculates the size of the first element     printf("%d\n",sizeof(a+1));//4/8  a+1 Is the address of the second element ,sizeof(a+1) The size of the calculated address     printf("%d\n",sizeof(a[1]));//4  It calculates the size of the second element ​​    printf("%d\n",sizeof(&a));// 4/8 [email protected] Although the address of the array , But it's also the address ,sizeof(&a) It calculates the size of an address     printf("%d\n",sizeof(*&a));//16 - Calculate the size of the array     //&a -- int(*p)[4]=&a;    printf("%d\n",sizeof(&a+1));//4/8 - &a+1-- The address of the space behind the array     printf("%d\n",sizeof(&a[0]));//4/8    printf("%d\n",sizeof(&a[0]+1));//4/8​​    // A character array ​    char arr[]={'a','b','c','d','e','f'};    printf("%d\n",sizeof(arr));//6    printf("%d\n",sizeof(arr+0));//4/8 - Pointer size  - The address indicated by the pointer is 4 A byte address     printf("%d\n",sizeof(*arr));//1    printf("%d\n",sizeof(arr[1]));//1    printf("%d\n",sizeof(&arr));//4/8    printf("%d\n",sizeof(&arr +1));//4/8    printf("%d\n",sizeof(&arr[0]+1));//4/8​    return 0;}

​int main(){    int a[3][4] = { 0 };​    printf("%d\n", sizeof(a));//48 = 3*4*sizeof(int)    printf("%d\n", sizeof(a[0][0]));//4 - a[0][0] -  Is the first element in the first line     printf("%d\n", sizeof(a[0]));//16    printf("%d\n", sizeof(a[0] + 1));//4  explain ：a[0] As an array name, it is not placed separately in sizeof Inside ,                                    // I didn't take the address , therefore a[0] It's the first address on the first line                                     //a[0]+1, Is the address of the second element in the first line     printf("%d\n", sizeof(*(a[0] + 1)));//4 -  explain ：*(a[0] + 1) Is the second element in the first line ​    printf("%d\n", sizeof(a + 1));//4 -  explain ：a Is the array name of a two-dimensional array , No address     // It's not alone sizeof Inside , therefore a It represents the address of the first element of the two-dimensional array , namely ： The address on the first line     //a + 1 Is the address of the second row of the two-dimensional array ​    printf("%d\n", sizeof(*(a + 1)));//16  explain ：a+1 Is the address on the second line , therefore *（a+1） It means the second line     // So the calculation is the second 2 The size of the line ​    printf("%d\n", sizeof(&a[0] + 1));//4  explain ：a[0] Is the array name in the first row ,    //&a[0] What you take out is the address in the first line ,&a[0]+1  It's the address on the second line ​    printf("%d\n", sizeof(*(&a[0] + 1)));//&a[0]+1  It's the address on the second line     //*(&a[0]+1)  The second line , So the address of the second line of the calculation ​    printf("%d\n", sizeof(*a));//16  explain ：a Array name as a two-dimensional array , No, &, Not alone in sizeof Inside     //a Is the address of the first element , That is, the address on the first line , therefore *a It's the first line , It calculates the size of the first line ​    printf("%d\n", sizeof(a[3]));//16  explain ：a[3] It's actually the array name on the fourth line （ If any ）    // So it doesn't really exist , You can also calculate the size by type     printf("%d\n", sizeof(a[-1]));​    return 0;}

strlen

strlen: Is to find the length of the string , Only for string length （ Library function - Use the reference header file ）

#include<stdio.h>#include<string.h>int main(){    char arr[]={'a','b','c','d','e','f'};​    printf("%d\n",strlen(arr));// Random value   - encounter ‘\0’ end     printf("%d\n",strlen(arr+0));// Random value     //printf("%d\n",strlen(*arr));//err    //printf("%d\n",strlen(arr[1]));//err    printf("%d\n",strlen(&arr));// Random value     printf("%d\n",strlen(&arr+1));// Random value - 6    printf("%d\n",strlen(&arr[0]+1));// Random value - 1​    return 0;}

because strlen Just find the length of the string , Random values are generated for characters

The pointer

The size of the pointer variable

32 Bit computer system The integer pointer accounts for 4 Bytes , The actual parameter is passed to the character parameter 4 Bytes

void test1 (char ch)//char *ch{

printf("%d\n",sizeof(ch));//4 Bytes , Because the first address of the character is passed in , That's the pointer char *ch , The length of the pointer is 4, therefore char The passed parameter of character type is the passed pointer byte 

}char arr[10]={0};printf("%d\n",sizeof(char));//10test1(ch);// The first element of the character array

• As long as 32 Bit operating environment , No matter what type , All are 4 Bytes

• stay 64 Bit environment

Declaration pointer

int* a,b,c; In fact, only variables are declared a It's the pointer type If you want to declare three pointers ：int a ,b, *c;

Structure

1. . ： Structural variable . member

2. -> ： Structure pointer -> member

   

#include<stdio.h>#include<string.h>​struct Book{    char book_name[20];    int price;};​int main(){    struct Book b={"c Language programming ",55};    struct Book* p = &b;    // Change price     (*p).price=19;// Equate to p->price    printf("%d\n",b.price);​    // Change book title     // Use library function strings to copy functions     //b1.name="c++";//error    strcpy(p->book_name,"C++");// because book_name Is a character array name , The array itself is an address , and price It's a variable.     printf("%s\n",(*p).book_name);​    printf("%s\t %d\n",p->book_name,p->price);    printf("%s\t%d\n",(*p).book_name,(*p).price);//(*p).book_name,(*p).price Equate to p->book_name,p->price    printf("%s\n",b.book_name);    printf("%d\n",b.price);​    return 0;}

Array element address

1.sizeof( Array name ), Calculate the size of the entire array ,sizeof Put a separate array name inside , The array name represents the entire array 2.& Array name , The address of the extracted array .& Array name , The array name represents the entire array .

In addition to this 1,2 Except for two cases , All array names represent the address of the first element of the array

character string

String comparison

stract(str1,str1); //err, Because I will add that I will '\0' overwrite , No, it hasn't been '\0' Go back and forth

You can't compare two strings to make them equal , You should use the string example ：

char password[20]={0};sacnf("%s",password);//if(pwssword == "123456")//errif(strcmp(password,"123456")==0)printf(" identical ");

Copy of string

Copy the string to the destination address , Debugging we found , encounter '\0' End copy

// Change book title     // Use library function strings to copy functions     //b1.name="c++";//error    strcpy(p->book_name,"C++");// because book_name Is a character array name , The array itself is an address 

When the copy is not '\0' end , Program running error

• The source string must be in '\0' end .

• In the source string '\0' Copy to target space .

• The target space has to be large enough , To ensure that the source string can be stored .

• The target space has to be variable .

• Learn to simulate . Be careful ： The source character must be a character array or a pointer to an array of dynamically allocated memory , Cannot use string constants ！

Structure

Memory alignment

On the whole ：

Memory alignment of structures is a way of trading space for time . rise .

S1 and S2 The type of members as like as two peas , however S1 and S2 There are some differences in the amount of space taken up .

// for example ：struct S1{char c1;int i;char c2;};struct S2{char c1;char c2;int i;};

Change the default alignment number

We met before #pragma This preprocessing instruction , Here we use again , We can change our default alignment number .

// for example ：struct S1{ char c1; int i; char c2;};struct S2{ char c1; char c2; int i;};#include <stdio.h>#pragma pack(8)// Set the default alignment number to 8struct S1{ char c1; int i; char c2;};#pragma pack()// Unset the default number of alignments , Restore to default #pragma pack(1)// Set the default alignment number to 1struct S2{ char c1; int i; char c2;};#pragma pack()// Unset the default number of alignments , Restore to default int main(){    // What is the result of the output ？    printf("%d\n", sizeof(struct S1));    printf("%d\n", sizeof(struct S2));