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Design and implementation of kubelet garbage collection mechanism to protect nodes from being preempted by containers image GC high threshold
2022-07-03 04:02:00 【Zhang quandan, Foxconn quality inspector】
- If Image takes up disk space The proportion exceeds the high water level ( Default The value is 90%, You can use the parameter ImageGCHighThresholdPercent To configure ),kubelet Will clean up no Image used .
- When node CPU、Memory Or the disk is less than a certain value or proportion ( By the parameter EvictionHard To configure ) when ,kubelet Will expel low priority Pod( for example BestEffort Of Pod). Through these operations , guarantee Existing on node Pod Can be guaranteed in QoS(Quality of Service) Continue normal operation under .
kubernetes The garbage collection mechanism in is mainly composed of two parts :
- One is by kube-controller-manager Medium gc controller Automatic recovery kubernetes Objects deleted in and their dependent objects ;
- The second is to recycle the exited containers on each node and when node Recycle container images that are no longer used when the disk resources on the are insufficient ;
The main analysis of this paper kubelet Garbage collection mechanism in , The main purpose of garbage collection is to save resources on the host ,gc controller The recycling mechanism of can refer to previous articles garbage collector controller Source code analysis .
kubelet There are three main parameters related to container garbage collection in :
--maximum-dead-containers-per-container: It means a pod The maximum number of containers that can be saved that have been stopped , The default is 1;(maxPerPodContainerCount)--maximum-dead-containers: One node How many stopped containers can be reserved on the , The default is -1, There is no limit ;--minimum-container-ttl-duration: The minimum time that an exited container can survive , The default is 0s;
There are three main parameters related to image recycling :
--image-gc-high-threshold: When kubelet When the disk reaches ,kubelet Start reclaiming the image , The default is 85% Start recycling , Root directory and data disk ;--image-gc-low-threshold: When recycling an image, stop recycling when the disk utilization is reduced to , The default is 80%;--minimum-image-ttl-duration: The minimum lifetime of an unused image before it is recycled , The default is 2m0s;
kubelet The recycling process of the medium container is as follows :
pod The exit time of the container in exceeds --minimum-container-ttl-duration Will be marked as recyclable , One pod At most --maximum-dead-containers-per-container Containers that have stopped , One node At most --maximum-dead-containers Containers stopped . When recycling containers ,kubelet It will be sorted according to the exit time of the container , Recycle the container with the longest exit time first . It should be noted that ,kubelet When recycling, it will pod Medium container And sandboxes Recycle separately , After recycling the container, the corresponding log dir Also recycle ;
kubelet The image recycling process in is as follows :
When the disk utilization of the container image mount point file system is greater than --image-gc-high-threshold when (containerRuntime by docker when , The image storage directory defaults to /var/lib/docker),kubelet Start deleting unused container images in the node , Until disk usage drops to --image-gc-low-threshold Stop the garbage collection of the image .
kubelet GarbageCollect Source code analysis
kubernetes edition :v1.16
GarbageCollect Is in kubelet Started after object initialization , stay createAndInitKubelet Method first calls kubelet.NewMainKubelet Initialize the kubelet object , Then call k.StartGarbageCollection Launched the GarbageCollect.
k8s.io/kubernetes/cmd/kubelet/app/server.go:1089
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 | func createAndInitKubelet(......) {
k, err = kubelet.NewMainKubelet(
......
)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
k.BirthCry()
k.StartGarbageCollection()
return k, nil
}
|
k.StartGarbageCollection
stay kubelet The life cycle of the image in and the life cycle of the container are through imageManager and containerGC Managed . stay StartGarbageCollection The container and image garbage collection tasks will be started in the method , Its main logic is :
- 1、 start-up containerGC goroutine,ContainerGC The interval time defaults to 1 minute ;
- 2、 Check
--image-gc-high-thresholdThe value of the parameter , if 100 Then disable imageGC; - 3、 start-up imageGC goroutine,imageGC The interval time defaults to 5 minute ;
k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/kubelet/kubelet.go:1270
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 | func (kl *Kubelet) StartGarbageCollection() {
loggedContainerGCFailure := false
// 1、 Start the container garbage collection service
go wait.Until(func() {
if err := kl.containerGC.GarbageCollect(); err != nil {
loggedContainerGCFailure = true
} else {
var vLevel klog.Level = 4
if loggedContainerGCFailure {
vLevel = 1
loggedContainerGCFailure = false
}
klog.V(vLevel).Infof("Container garbage collection succeeded")
}
}, ContainerGCPeriod, wait.NeverStop)
// 2、 Check ImageGCHighThresholdPercent The value of the parameter
if kl.kubeletConfiguration.ImageGCHighThresholdPercent == 100 {
return
}
// 3、 Start the image garbage collection service
prevImageGCFailed := false
go wait.Until(func() {
if err := kl.imageManager.GarbageCollect(); err != nil {
......
prevImageGCFailed = true
} else {
var vLevel klog.Level = 4
if prevImageGCFailed {
vLevel = 1
prevImageGCFailed = false
}
}
}, ImageGCPeriod, wait.NeverStop)
}
|
kl.containerGC.GarbageCollect
kl.containerGC.GarbageCollect It's called ContainerGC manager The method in ,ContainerGC Is in NewMainKubelet Initialized in ,ContainerGC You need to specify a runtime, The runtime namely ContainerRuntime, stay kubelet Middle is kubeGenericRuntimeManager, Also in NewMainKubelet Initialized in .
k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/kubelet/kubelet.go
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 | func NewMainKubelet(){
......
// MinAge、MaxPerPodContainer、MaxContainers They are related to container garbage collection mentioned at the beginning of the above article
// Three parameters
containerGCPolicy := kubecontainer.ContainerGCPolicy{
MinAge: minimumGCAge.Duration,
MaxPerPodContainer: int(maxPerPodContainerCount),
MaxContainers: int(maxContainerCount),
}
// initialization containerGC modular
containerGC, err := kubecontainer.NewContainerGC(klet.containerRuntime, containerGCPolicy, klet.sourcesReady)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
......
}
|
Here are ContainerGC Initialization and GarbageCollect Start of :
k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/kubelet/container/container_gc.go:68
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 | func NewContainerGC(runtime Runtime, policy ContainerGCPolicy, sourcesReadyProvider SourcesReadyProvider) (ContainerGC, error) {
if policy.MinAge < 0 {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid minimum garbage collection age: %v", policy.MinAge)
}
return &realContainerGC{
runtime: runtime,
policy: policy,
sourcesReadyProvider: sourcesReadyProvider,
}, nil
}
func (cgc *realContainerGC) GarbageCollect() error {
return cgc.runtime.GarbageCollect(cgc.policy, cgc.sourcesReadyProvider.AllReady(), false)
}
|
You can see ,ContainerGC Medium GarbageCollect Finally, call runtime Medium GarbageCollect Method ,runtime namely kubeGenericRuntimeManager.
cgc.runtime.GarbageCollect
cgc.runtime.GarbageCollect The implementation of kubeGenericRuntimeManager in , Its main logic is :
- 1、 Recycling pod Medium container;
- 2、 Recycling pod Medium sandboxes;
- 3、 Recycling pod as well as container Of log dir;
k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/kubelet/kuberuntime/kuberuntime_gc.go:378
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 | func (cgc *containerGC) GarbageCollect(gcPolicy kubecontainer.ContainerGCPolicy, allSourcesReady bool, evictTerminatedPods bool) error {
errors := []error{}
// 1、 Recycling pod Medium container
if err := cgc.evictContainers(gcPolicy, allSourcesReady, evictTerminatedPods); err != nil {
errors = append(errors, err)
}
// 2、 Recycling pod Medium sandboxes
if err := cgc.evictSandboxes(evictTerminatedPods); err != nil {
errors = append(errors, err)
}
// 3、 Recycling pod as well as container Of log dir
if err := cgc.evictPodLogsDirectories(allSourcesReady); err != nil {
errors = append(errors, err)
}
return utilerrors.NewAggregate(errors)
}
|
cgc.evictContainers
stay cgc.evictContainers All recyclable containers will be recycled in the method , Its main logic is :
- 1、 First call
cgc.evictableContainersGet recyclable containers as evictUnits, Recyclable containers refer to non running Status and creation time exceeds MinAge,evictUnits The array contains pod And container Correspondence of ; - 2、 Recycling deleted State and terminated State of pod, Traverse evictUnits, if pod Is it in deleted perhaps terminated state , Call
cgc.removeOldestNRecycling pod All containers in .deleted State means pod Has been deleted or itsstatus.phaseby failed And itsstatus.reasonby evicted perhaps pod.deletionTimestamp != nil And pod Of all containers in status by terminated perhaps waiting state ,terminated State means pod be in Failed perhaps succeeded state ; - 3、 For non deleted perhaps terminated State of pod, call
cgc.enforceMaxContainersPerEvictUnitKeep itMaxPerPodContainerContainers that have exited , Sort according to the exit time of the container, and delete the one with the longest exit time first ,MaxPerPodContainerAs mentioned above , It means a pod The maximum number of containers that can be saved that have been stopped , The default is 1, have access to--maximum-dead-containers-per-containerSpecified at startup ; - 4、 if kubelet Specified at startup
--maximum-dead-containers( The default is -1 There is no limit to ), That is to say, it needs to be node Keep the number of containers exited , if node The number of containers that have been stopped on the reservation exceeds--maximum-dead-containers, First calculate the need for each pod How many exited containers should be reserved to ensure that the total number does not exceed--maximum-dead-containersValue , If the calculation result is less than 1 Then take 1, That is, keep at least one , Then delete each pod Containers that don't need to be kept in , If node The number of containers that have been stopped on the reservation still exceeds the maximum value that needs to be reserved , Will evictUnits The containers in are sorted according to the exit time. Delete the container with the longest exit time , send node The number of containers that have been stopped on the reservation meets--maximum-dead-containersvalue ;
k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/kubelet/kuberuntime/kuberuntime_gc.go:222
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 | func (cgc *containerGC) evictContainers(gcPolicy kubecontainer.ContainerGCPolicy, allSourcesReady bool, evictTerminatedPods bool) error {
// 1、 Get the list of containers that can be recycled
evictUnits, err := cgc.evictableContainers(gcPolicy.MinAge)
if err != nil {
return err
}
// 2、 Recycling Deleted State and Terminated State of pod, here allSourcesReady finger kubelet
// Three kinds of support podSource Are they all available
if allSourcesReady {
for key, unit := range evictUnits {
if cgc.podStateProvider.IsPodDeleted(key.uid) || (cgc.podStateProvider.IsPodTerminated(key.uid) && evictTerminatedPods) {
cgc.removeOldestN(unit, len(unit))
delete(evictUnits, key)
}
}
}
// 3、 For the wrong Deleted State and Terminated State of pod Retain MaxPerPodContainer Containers that have exited
if gcPolicy.MaxPerPodContainer >= 0 {
cgc.enforceMaxContainersPerEvictUnit(evictUnits, gcPolicy.MaxPerPodContainer)
}
// 4、 if kubelet Specified at startup --maximum-dead-containers( The default is -1 There is no limit to ) Parameters ,
// At this point, you need to be node The number of containers reserved for exit cannot exceed --maximum-dead-containers individual
if gcPolicy.MaxContainers >= 0 && evictUnits.NumContainers() > gcPolicy.MaxContainers {
numContainersPerEvictUnit := gcPolicy.MaxContainers / evictUnits.NumEvictUnits()
if numContainersPerEvictUnit < 1 {
numContainersPerEvictUnit = 1
}
cgc.enforceMaxContainersPerEvictUnit(evictUnits, numContainersPerEvictUnit)
numContainers := evictUnits.NumContainers()
if numContainers > gcPolicy.MaxContainers {
flattened := make([]containerGCInfo, 0, numContainers)
for key := range evictUnits {
flattened = append(flattened, evictUnits[key]...)
}
sort.Sort(byCreated(flattened))
cgc.removeOldestN(flattened, numContainers-gcPolicy.MaxContainers)
}
}
return nil
}
|
cgc.evictSandboxes
cgc.evictSandboxes Method will recycle all recyclable sandboxes, Its main logic is :
- 1、 First of all get node On all the containers and sandboxes;
- 2、 structure sandboxes And pod And save it in sandboxesByPodUID in ;
- 3、 Yes sandboxesByPodUID The list is sorted by creation time ;
- 4、 if sandboxes Where pod be in deleted state , Delete the pod All of the sandboxes Otherwise, only the one with the shortest exit time is reserved sandboxes,deleted The status is above
cgc.evictContainersThe method has been explained ;
k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/kubelet/kuberuntime/kuberuntime_gc.go:274
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 | func (cgc *containerGC) evictSandboxes(evictTerminatedPods bool) error {
// 1、 obtain node On all the container
containers, err := cgc.manager.getKubeletContainers(true)
if err != nil {
return err
}
// 2、 obtain node On all the sandboxes
sandboxes, err := cgc.manager.getKubeletSandboxes(true)
if err != nil {
return err
}
// 3、 Collect all container Of PodSandboxId
sandboxIDs := sets.NewString()
for _, container := range containers {
sandboxIDs.Insert(container.PodSandboxId)
}
// 4、 structure sandboxes And pod And save it in sandboxesByPodUID in
sandboxesByPod := make(sandboxesByPodUID)
for _, sandbox := range sandboxes {
podUID := types.UID(sandbox.Metadata.Uid)
sandboxInfo := sandboxGCInfo{
id: sandbox.Id,
createTime: time.Unix(0, sandbox.CreatedAt),
}
if sandbox.State == runtimeapi.PodSandboxState_SANDBOX_READY {
sandboxInfo.active = true
}
if sandboxIDs.Has(sandbox.Id) {
sandboxInfo.active = true
}
sandboxesByPod[podUID] = append(sandboxesByPod[podUID], sandboxInfo)
}
// 5、 Yes sandboxesByPod Sort
for uid := range sandboxesByPod {
sort.Sort(sandboxByCreated(sandboxesByPod[uid]))
}
// 6、 Traverse sandboxesByPod, if sandboxes Where pod be in deleted state ,
// Delete the pod All of the sandboxes Otherwise, only the one with the shortest exit time is reserved sandboxes
for podUID, sandboxes := range sandboxesByPod {
if cgc.podStateProvider.IsPodDeleted(podUID) || (cgc.podStateProvider.IsPodTerminated(podUID) && evictTerminatedPods) {
cgc.removeOldestNSandboxes(sandboxes, len(sandboxes))
} else {
cgc.removeOldestNSandboxes(sandboxes, len(sandboxes)-1)
}
}
return nil
}
|
cgc.evictPodLogsDirectories
cgc.evictPodLogsDirectories Method will recycle all recyclable pod as well as container Of log dir, Its main logic is :
- 1、 Recycle first deleted state pod logs dir, Traverse pod logs dir
/var/log/pods,/var/log/podsby pod logs Default directory for ,pod logs dir The format is/var/log/pods/NAMESPACE_NAME_UID, analysis pod logs dir obtain pod uid, Judge pod Is it in deleted state , If in deleted The status is deleted logs dir; 2、 Recycling deleted state container logs Linked directory ,
/var/log/containersby container log Default directory for , It will soft link to pod Of log dir Next , for example :1
/var/log/containers/storage-provisioner_kube-system_storage-provisioner-acc8386e409dfb3cc01618cbd14c373d8ac6d7f0aaad9ced018746f31d0081e2.log -> /var/log/pods/kube-system_storage-provisioner_b448e496-eb5d-4d71-b93f-ff7ff77d2348/storage-provisioner/0.log
k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/kubelet/kuberuntime/kuberuntime_gc.go:333
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 | func (cgc *containerGC) evictPodLogsDirectories(allSourcesReady bool) error {
osInterface := cgc.manager.osInterface
// 1、 Recycling deleted state pod logs dir
if allSourcesReady {
dirs, err := osInterface.ReadDir(podLogsRootDirectory)
if err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("failed to read podLogsRootDirectory %q: %v", podLogsRootDirectory, err)
}
for _, dir := range dirs {
name := dir.Name()
podUID := parsePodUIDFromLogsDirectory(name)
if !cgc.podStateProvider.IsPodDeleted(podUID) {
continue
}
err := osInterface.RemoveAll(filepath.Join(podLogsRootDirectory, name))
if err != nil {
klog.Errorf("Failed to remove pod logs directory %q: %v", name, err)
}
}
}
// 2、 Recycling deleted state container logs Linked directory
logSymlinks, _ := osInterface.Glob(filepath.Join(legacyContainerLogsDir, fmt.Sprintf("*.%s", legacyLogSuffix)))
for _, logSymlink := range logSymlinks {
if _, err := osInterface.Stat(logSymlink); os.IsNotExist(err) {
err := osInterface.Remove(logSymlink)
if err != nil {
klog.Errorf("Failed to remove container log dead symlink %q: %v", logSymlink, err)
}
}
}
return nil
}
|
kl.imageManager.GarbageCollect
The main process of container recycling has been analyzed above , Next, we will continue to analyze the process of image recycling ,kl.imageManager.GarbageCollect It is the method to start the image recycling task , The image recycling process is in imageManager In the , First of all, understand imageManager The initialization ,imageManager Also in NewMainKubelet Method .
k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/kubelet/kubelet.go
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 | func NewMainKubelet(){
......
// Three parameters need to be specified during initialization , Three parameters have been mentioned above
imageGCPolicy := images.ImageGCPolicy{
MinAge: kubeCfg.ImageMinimumGCAge.Duration,
HighThresholdPercent: int(kubeCfg.ImageGCHighThresholdPercent),
LowThresholdPercent: int(kubeCfg.ImageGCLowThresholdPercent),
}
......
imageManager, err := images.NewImageGCManager(klet.containerRuntime, klet.StatsProvider, kubeDeps.Recorder, nodeRef, imageGCPolicy, crOptions.PodSandboxImage)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to initialize image manager: %v", err)
}
klet.imageManager = imageManager
......
}
|
kl.imageManager.GarbageCollect The main logic of the method is :
- 1、 First call
im.statsProvider.ImageFsStatsGet the disk information of the container image storage directory mount point file system ; - 2、 Get the of the mount point available and capacity Information and calculate its utilization ;
- 3、 If the utilization rate is greater than
HighThresholdPercent, First of all, according to theLowThresholdPercentValue to calculate the amount of disk that needs to be released , And then callim.freeSpaceRelease unused image Until the disk idle rate is met ;
k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/kubelet/images/image_gc_manager.go:269
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 | func (im *realImageGCManager) GarbageCollect() error {
// 1、 Get the disk information of the container image storage directory mount point file system
fsStats, err := im.statsProvider.ImageFsStats()
if err != nil {
return err
}
var capacity, available int64
if fsStats.CapacityBytes != nil {
capacity = int64(*fsStats.CapacityBytes)
}
if fsStats.AvailableBytes != nil {
available = int64(*fsStats.AvailableBytes)
}
if available > capacity {
available = capacity
}
if capacity == 0 {
err := goerrors.New("invalid capacity 0 on image filesystem")
im.recorder.Eventf(im.nodeRef, v1.EventTypeWarning, events.InvalidDiskCapacity, err.Error())
return err
}
// 2、 If the utilization rate is greater than HighThresholdPercent, At this point, you need to recycle the image
usagePercent := 100 - int(available*100/capacity)
if usagePercent >= im.policy.HighThresholdPercent {
// 3、 Calculate the amount of disk that needs to be freed
amountToFree := capacity*int64(100-im.policy.LowThresholdPercent)/100 - available
// 4、 call im.freeSpace Recycle unused image information
freed, err := im.freeSpace(amountToFree, time.Now())
if err != nil {
return err
}
if freed < amountToFree {
err := fmt.Errorf("failed to garbage collect required amount of images. Wanted to free %d bytes, but freed %d bytes", amountToFree, freed)
im.recorder.Eventf(im.nodeRef, v1.EventTypeWarning, events.FreeDiskSpaceFailed, err.Error())
return err
}
}
return nil
}
|
im.freeSpace
im.freeSpace It is a method of recycling unused images , Its main logic is :
- 1、 First call
im.detectImagesGet used images List as imagesInUse; - 2、 Traverse
im.imageRecordsaccording to imagesInUse Get all unused images Information ,im.imageRecordsRecord node On all the images Information about ; - 3、 According to the use time, the unused images Sort the list ;
- 4、 Traverse unused images List and then call
im.runtime.RemoveImagedelete mirror , Until all unused are recycled images Or meet the idle rate ;
k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/kubelet/images/image_gc_manager.go:328
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 | func (im *realImageGCManager) freeSpace(bytesToFree int64, freeTime time.Time) (int64, error) {
// 1、 Get used images list
imagesInUse, err := im.detectImages(freeTime)
if err != nil {
return 0, err
}
im.imageRecordsLock.Lock()
defer im.imageRecordsLock.Unlock()
// 2、 Get all unused images Information
images := make([]evictionInfo, 0, len(im.imageRecords))
for image, record := range im.imageRecords {
if isImageUsed(image, imagesInUse) {
klog.V(5).Infof("Image ID %s is being used", image)
continue
}
images = append(images, evictionInfo{
id: image,
imageRecord: *record,
})
}
// 3、 Sort by image usage time
sort.Sort(byLastUsedAndDetected(images))
// 4、 Recycle unused images
var deletionErrors []error
spaceFreed := int64(0)
for _, image := range images {
if image.lastUsed.Equal(freeTime) || image.lastUsed.After(freeTime) {
continue
}
if freeTime.Sub(image.firstDetected) < im.policy.MinAge {
continue
}
// 5、 call im.runtime.RemoveImage delete mirror
err := im.runtime.RemoveImage(container.ImageSpec{Image: image.id})
if err != nil {
deletionErrors = append(deletionErrors, err)
continue
}
delete(im.imageRecords, image.id)
spaceFreed += image.size
if spaceFreed >= bytesToFree {
break
}
}
if len(deletionErrors) > 0 {
return spaceFreed, fmt.Errorf("wanted to free %d bytes, but freed %d bytes space with errors in image deletion: %v", bytesToFree, spaceFreed, errors.NewAggregate(deletionErrors))
}
return spaceFreed, nil
}
|
summary
This paper mainly analyzes kubelet Implementation of garbage collection mechanism in ,kubelet It will be recycled regularly node The container that has exited on has been pawned node When disk resources are insufficient, recycle images that are no longer used to free disk resources , Container and image recycling strategies are mainly through kubelet The threshold value of several parameters in .
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