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# 语法
curl [option] [url]
 
# 最简单的使用,Get server content,默认将输出打印到标准输出中(STDOUT)中.
curl http://www.centos.org
 
# 添加-vParameters can see the detailed parsing process,通常用于debug
curl -v http://www.centos.org
 
# curl发送Get请求
curl URL
curl URL -O 文件绝对路径
 
# curl发送post请求
 
# For the request bodyjson格式
curl -X POST -H 'content-type: application/json' -d @json文件绝对路径 URL
curl -X POST -H 'content-type: application/json' -d 'json内容' URL
# For the request bodyxml格式
curl -X POST -H 'content-type: application/xml' -d @xml文件绝对路径 URL
curl -X POST -H 'content-type: application/xml' -d 'xml内容' URL
 
# 设置cookies
curl URL --cookie "cookie内容"
curl URL --cookie-jar cookie文件绝对路径
 
# Set the proxy string
curl URL --user-agent "proxy content"
curl URL -A "proxy content"
 
# curl限制带宽
curl URL --limit-rate 速度
 
# curl认证
curl -u user:pwd URL
curl -u user URL
 
# 只打印http头部信息
curl -I URL
curl -head URL
 
# 末尾参数
--progress  显示进度条
--silent    Unrealistic progress bar
 
# 不需要修改/etc/hosts,curl直接解析ip请求域名
# 将 http://example.com 或 https://example.com Requests the resolution of the specified domain nameIP为127.0.0.1
curl --resolve example.com:80:127.0.0.1 http://example.com/
curl --resolve example.com:443:127.0.0.1 https://example.com/

三：curl接口测试

curl Pairs can be easily done REST API 的调用场景,比如：设置 Header,指定 HTTP 请求方法,指定 HTTP 消息体,Specify authorization authentication information, etc.通过 -v Options can also be output REST All returned information requested.curl 功能很强大,有很多参数,这里列出 REST Test commonly used parameters：

-X/--request [GET|POST|PUT|DELETE|…]  指定请求的 HTTP 方法
-H/--header                           指定请求的 HTTP Header
-d/--data                             指定请求的 HTTP 消息体（Body）
-v/--verbose                          Output detailed return information
-u/--user                             指定账号、密码
-b/--cookie                           读取 cookie

# A typical test command is ：
curl -v -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" http://127.0.0.1:8080/user -d'{"username":"admin","password":"admin1234"}'...
 
# 测试get请求
curl http://www.linuxidc.com/login.cgi?user=test001&password=123456
 
# 测试post请求
curl -d "user=nickwolfe&password=12345" http://www.linuxidc.com/login.cgi
 
# For the request bodyjson格式
curl -X POST -H 'content-type: application/json' -d @json文件绝对路径 URL
curl -X POST -H 'content-type: application/json' -d 'json内容' URL
 
# For the request bodyxml格式
curl -X POST -H 'content-type: application/xml' -d @xml文件绝对路径 URL
curl -X POST -H 'content-type: application/xml' -d 'xml内容' URL
 
# 发送post请求时需要使用-X选项,除了使用POST外,还可以使用httpOther request verbs as defined by the specification,如PUT,DELETE等
curl -XPOST url
 
#发送post请求时,It is usually necessary to specify request body data.可以使用-d或--datato specify the request body to send.
curl -XPOST -d "name=leo&age=12" url
 
# If necessary, on the request dataurlencode,可以使用下面的方式：
curl -XPOST --data-urlencode "name=leo&age=12" url
 
# 此外发送postThe request can also have the following sub-options：
–data-raw
–data-ascii
–data-binary

使用curl和Jenkins REST API

# To retrieve the job config.xml
curl -X GET '<jenkinshost>/job/<jobname>/config.xml' -u username:API_TOKEN -o <jobname>.xml
 
# to use this config to create a new job
curl -s -XPOST '<jenkinshost>/createItem?name=<jobname>' -u username:API_TOKEN --data-binary @<jobname>.xml -H "Content-Type:text/xml"
 
# get all jenkins jobs
curl -X GET '<jenkinshost>/api/json?pretty=true' -u username:API_TOKEN -o jobs.json
 
# get jenkins view
curl -X GET '<jenkinshost>/view/<viewname>/api/json' -u username:API_TOKEN -o view.json

四：curl help

curl --help
Usage: curl [options...] <url>
Options: (H) means HTTP/HTTPS only, (F) means FTP only
     --anyauth       Pick "any" authentication method (H)
 -a, --append        Append to target file when uploading (F/SFTP)
     --basic         Use HTTP Basic Authentication (H)
     --cacert FILE   CA certificate to verify peer against (SSL)
     --capath DIR    CA directory to verify peer against (SSL)
 -E, --cert CERT[:PASSWD]  Client certificate file and password (SSL)
     --cert-status   Verify the status of the server certificate (SSL)
     --cert-type TYPE  Certificate file type (DER/PEM/ENG) (SSL)
     --ciphers LIST  SSL ciphers to use (SSL)
     --compressed    Request compressed response (using deflate or gzip)
 -K, --config FILE   Read config from FILE
     --connect-timeout SECONDS  Maximum time allowed for connection
     --connect-to HOST1:PORT1:HOST2:PORT2 Connect to host (network level)
 -C, --continue-at OFFSET  Resumed transfer OFFSET
 -b, --cookie STRING/FILE  Read cookies from STRING/FILE (H)
 -c, --cookie-jar FILE  Write cookies to FILE after operation (H)
     --create-dirs   Create necessary local directory hierarchy
     --crlf          Convert LF to CRLF in upload
     --crlfile FILE  Get a CRL list in PEM format from the given file
 -d, --data DATA     HTTP POST data (H)
     --data-raw DATA  HTTP POST data, '@' allowed (H)
     --data-ascii DATA  HTTP POST ASCII data (H)
     --data-binary DATA  HTTP POST binary data (H)
     --data-urlencode DATA  HTTP POST data url encoded (H)
     --delegation STRING  GSS-API delegation permission
     --digest        Use HTTP Digest Authentication (H)
     --disable-eprt  Inhibit using EPRT or LPRT (F)
     --disable-epsv  Inhibit using EPSV (F)
     --dns-servers   DNS server addrs to use: 1.1.1.1;2.2.2.2
     --dns-interface  Interface to use for DNS requests
     --dns-ipv4-addr  IPv4 address to use for DNS requests, dot notation
     --dns-ipv6-addr  IPv6 address to use for DNS requests, dot notation
 -D, --dump-header FILE  Write the received headers to FILE
     --egd-file FILE  EGD socket path for random data (SSL)
     --engine ENGINE  Crypto engine (use "--engine list" for list) (SSL)
     --expect100-timeout SECONDS How long to wait for 100-continue (H)
 -f, --fail          Fail silently (no output at all) on HTTP errors (H)
     --fail-early    Fail on first transfer error, do not continue
     --false-start   Enable TLS False Start.
 -F, --form CONTENT  Specify HTTP multipart POST data (H)
     --form-string STRING  Specify HTTP multipart POST data (H)
     --ftp-account DATA  Account data string (F)
     --ftp-alternative-to-user COMMAND  String to replace "USER [name]" (F)
     --ftp-create-dirs  Create the remote dirs if not present (F)
     --ftp-method [MULTICWD/NOCWD/SINGLECWD]  Control CWD usage (F)
     --ftp-pasv      Use PASV/EPSV instead of PORT (F)
 -P, --ftp-port ADR  Use PORT with given address instead of PASV (F)
     --ftp-skip-pasv-ip  Skip the IP address for PASV (F)
     --ftp-pret      Send PRET before PASV (for drftpd) (F)
     --ftp-ssl-ccc   Send CCC after authenticating (F)
     --ftp-ssl-ccc-mode ACTIVE/PASSIVE  Set CCC mode (F)
     --ftp-ssl-control  Require SSL/TLS for FTP login, clear for transfer (F)
 -G, --get           Send the -d data with a HTTP GET (H)
 -g, --globoff       Disable URL sequences and ranges using {} and []
 -H, --header LINE   Pass custom header LINE to server (H)
 -I, --head          Show document info only
 -h, --help          This help text
     --hostpubmd5 MD5  Hex-encoded MD5 string of the host public key. (SSH)
 -0, --http1.0       Use HTTP 1.0 (H)
     --http1.1       Use HTTP 1.1 (H)
     --http2         Use HTTP 2 (H)
     --http2-prior-knowledge  Use HTTP 2 without HTTP/1.1 Upgrade (H)
     --ignore-content-length  Ignore the HTTP Content-Length header
 -i, --include       Include protocol headers in the output (H/F)
 -k, --insecure      Allow connections to SSL sites without certs (H)
     --interface INTERFACE  Use network INTERFACE (or address)
 -4, --ipv4          Resolve name to IPv4 address
 -6, --ipv6          Resolve name to IPv6 address
 -j, --junk-session-cookies  Ignore session cookies read from file (H)
     --keepalive-time SECONDS  Wait SECONDS between keepalive probes
     --key KEY       Private key file name (SSL/SSH)
     --key-type TYPE  Private key file type (DER/PEM/ENG) (SSL)
     --krb LEVEL     Enable Kerberos with security LEVEL (F)
     --libcurl FILE  Dump libcurl equivalent code of this command line
     --limit-rate RATE  Limit transfer speed to RATE
 -l, --list-only     List only mode (F/POP3)
     --local-port RANGE  Force use of RANGE for local port numbers
 -L, --location      Follow redirects (H)
     --location-trusted  Like '--location', and send auth to other hosts (H)
     --login-options OPTIONS  Server login options (IMAP, POP3, SMTP)
 -M, --manual        Display the full manual
     --mail-from FROM  Mail from this address (SMTP)
     --mail-rcpt TO  Mail to this/these addresses (SMTP)
     --mail-auth AUTH  Originator address of the original email (SMTP)
     --max-filesize BYTES  Maximum file size to download (H/F)
     --max-redirs NUM  Maximum number of redirects allowed (H)
 -m, --max-time SECONDS  Maximum time allowed for the transfer
     --metalink      Process given URLs as metalink XML file
     --negotiate     Use HTTP Negotiate (SPNEGO) authentication (H)
 -n, --netrc         Must read .netrc for user name and password
     --netrc-optional  Use either .netrc or URL; overrides -n
     --netrc-file FILE  Specify FILE for netrc
 -:, --next          Allows the following URL to use a separate set of options
     --no-alpn       Disable the ALPN TLS extension (H)
 -N, --no-buffer     Disable buffering of the output stream
     --no-keepalive  Disable keepalive use on the connection
     --no-npn        Disable the NPN TLS extension (H)
     --no-sessionid  Disable SSL session-ID reusing (SSL)
     --noproxy       List of hosts which do not use proxy
     --ntlm          Use HTTP NTLM authentication (H)
     --ntlm-wb       Use HTTP NTLM authentication with winbind (H)
     --oauth2-bearer TOKEN  OAuth 2 Bearer Token (IMAP, POP3, SMTP)
 -o, --output FILE   Write to FILE instead of stdout
     --pass PASS     Pass phrase for the private key (SSL/SSH)
     --path-as-is    Do not squash .. sequences in URL path
     --pinnedpubkey FILE/HASHES Public key to verify peer against (SSL)
     --post301       Do not switch to GET after following a 301 redirect (H)
     --post302       Do not switch to GET after following a 302 redirect (H)
     --post303       Do not switch to GET after following a 303 redirect (H)
     --preproxy [PROTOCOL://]HOST[:PORT] Proxy before HTTP(S) proxy
 -#, --progress-bar  Display transfer progress as a progress bar
     --proto PROTOCOLS  Enable/disable PROTOCOLS
     --proto-default PROTOCOL  Use PROTOCOL for any URL missing a scheme
     --proto-redir PROTOCOLS   Enable/disable PROTOCOLS on redirect
 -x, --proxy [PROTOCOL://]HOST[:PORT]  Use proxy on given port
     --proxy-anyauth  Pick "any" proxy authentication method (H)
     --proxy-basic   Use Basic authentication on the proxy (H)
     --proxy-digest  Use Digest authentication on the proxy (H)
     --proxy-cacert FILE CA certificate to verify peer against for proxy (SSL)
     --proxy-capath DIR CA directory to verify peer against for proxy (SSL)
     --proxy-cert CERT[:PASSWD] Client certificate file and password for proxy (SSL)
     --proxy-cert-type TYPE Certificate file type (DER/PEM/ENG) for proxy (SSL)
     --proxy-ciphers LIST SSL ciphers to use for proxy (SSL)
     --proxy-crlfile FILE Get a CRL list in PEM format from the given file for proxy
     --proxy-insecure Allow connections to SSL sites without certs for proxy (H)
     --proxy-key KEY Private key file name for proxy (SSL)
     --proxy-key-type TYPE Private key file type for proxy (DER/PEM/ENG) (SSL)
     --proxy-negotiate  Use HTTP Negotiate (SPNEGO) authentication on the proxy (H)
     --proxy-ntlm    Use NTLM authentication on the proxy (H)
     --proxy-header LINE Pass custom header LINE to proxy (H)
     --proxy-pass PASS Pass phrase for the private key for proxy (SSL)
     --proxy-ssl-allow-beast Allow security flaw to improve interop for proxy (SSL)
     --proxy-tlsv1   Use TLSv1 for proxy (SSL)
     --proxy-tlsuser USER TLS username for proxy
     --proxy-tlspassword STRING TLS password for proxy
     --proxy-tlsauthtype STRING TLS authentication type for proxy (default SRP)
     --proxy-service-name NAME  SPNEGO proxy service name
     --service-name NAME  SPNEGO service name
 -U, --proxy-user USER[:PASSWORD]  Proxy user and password
     --proxy1.0 HOST[:PORT]  Use HTTP/1.0 proxy on given port
 -p, --proxytunnel   Operate through a HTTP proxy tunnel (using CONNECT)
     --pubkey KEY    Public key file name (SSH)
 -Q, --quote CMD     Send command(s) to server before transfer (F/SFTP)
     --random-file FILE  File for reading random data from (SSL)
 -r, --range RANGE   Retrieve only the bytes within RANGE
     --raw           Do HTTP "raw"; no transfer decoding (H)
 -e, --referer       Referer URL (H)
 -J, --remote-header-name  Use the header-provided filename (H)
 -O, --remote-name   Write output to a file named as the remote file
     --remote-name-all  Use the remote file name for all URLs
 -R, --remote-time   Set the remote file's time on the local output
 -X, --request COMMAND  Specify request command to use
     --resolve HOST:PORT:ADDRESS  Force resolve of HOST:PORT to ADDRESS
     --retry NUM   Retry request NUM times if transient problems occur
     --retry-connrefused  Retry on connection refused (use with --retry)
     --retry-delay SECONDS  Wait SECONDS between retries
     --retry-max-time SECONDS  Retry only within this period
     --sasl-ir       Enable initial response in SASL authentication
 -S, --show-error    Show error. With -s, make curl show errors when they occur
 -s, --silent        Silent mode (don't output anything)
     --socks4 HOST[:PORT]  SOCKS4 proxy on given host + port
     --socks4a HOST[:PORT]  SOCKS4a proxy on given host + port
     --socks5 HOST[:PORT]  SOCKS5 proxy on given host + port
     --socks5-hostname HOST[:PORT]  SOCKS5 proxy, pass host name to proxy
     --socks5-gssapi-service NAME  SOCKS5 proxy service name for GSS-API
     --socks5-gssapi-nec  Compatibility with NEC SOCKS5 server
 -Y, --speed-limit RATE  Stop transfers below RATE for 'speed-time' secs
 -y, --speed-time SECONDS  Trigger 'speed-limit' abort after SECONDS (default: 30)
     --ssl           Try SSL/TLS (FTP, IMAP, POP3, SMTP)
     --ssl-reqd      Require SSL/TLS (FTP, IMAP, POP3, SMTP)
 -2, --sslv2         Use SSLv2 (SSL)
 -3, --sslv3         Use SSLv3 (SSL)
     --ssl-allow-beast  Allow security flaw to improve interop (SSL)
     --ssl-no-revoke    Disable cert revocation checks (WinSSL)
     --stderr FILE   Where to redirect stderr (use "-" for stdout)
     --suppress-connect-headers  Suppress proxy CONNECT response headers
     --tcp-nodelay   Use the TCP_NODELAY option
     --tcp-fastopen  Use TCP Fast Open
 -t, --telnet-option OPT=VAL  Set telnet option
     --tftp-blksize VALUE  Set TFTP BLKSIZE option (must be >512)
     --tftp-no-options  Do not send TFTP options requests
 -z, --time-cond TIME   Transfer based on a time condition
 -1, --tlsv1         Use >= TLSv1 (SSL)
     --tlsv1.0       Use TLSv1.0 (SSL)
     --tlsv1.1       Use TLSv1.1 (SSL)
     --tlsv1.2       Use TLSv1.2 (SSL)
     --tlsv1.3       Use TLSv1.3 (SSL)
     --tls-max VERSION  Use TLS up to VERSION (SSL)
     --trace FILE    Write a debug trace to FILE
     --trace-ascii FILE  Like --trace, but without hex output
     --trace-time    Add time stamps to trace/verbose output
     --tr-encoding   Request compressed transfer encoding (H)
 -T, --upload-file FILE  Transfer FILE to destination
     --url URL       URL to work with
 -B, --use-ascii     Use ASCII/text transfer
 -u, --user USER[:PASSWORD]  Server user and password
     --tlsuser USER  TLS username
     --tlspassword STRING  TLS password
     --tlsauthtype STRING  TLS authentication type (default: SRP)
     --unix-socket PATH    Connect through this Unix domain socket
     --abstract-unix-socket PATH Connect to an abstract Unix domain socket
 -A, --user-agent STRING  Send User-Agent STRING to server (H)
 -v, --verbose       Make the operation more talkative
 -V, --version       Show version number and quit
 -w, --write-out FORMAT  Use output FORMAT after completion
     --xattr         Store metadata in extended file attributes
 -q, --disable       Disable .curlrc (must be first parameter)

五：实战

5.1Download content to the specified path

通过-o/-O选项保存下载的文件到指定的文件中：

-o：将文件保存为命令行中指定的文件名的文件中
-O：使用URL中默认的文件名保存文件到本地

curl -o mygettext.html http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/gettext.html

curl -O http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/gettext.html

使用多个 -o The contents of multiple files can be obtained at the same time.若同时从同一站点下载多个文件时,curl会尝试重用链接(connection).

5.2断点续传

通过使用 -C 选项可对大文件使用断点续传功能,如：

 当文件在下载完成之前结束该进程
curl -O http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/gettext.html

通过添加-C选项继续对该文件进行下载,已经下载过的文件不会被重新下载
curl -C - -O http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/gettext.html

需要注意的是 -C The value after the parameter is -

5.3下载限速

通过--limit-rate选项对CURL的最大网络使用进行限制：

下载速度最大不会超过1000B/second 
curl --limit-rate 1000B -O http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/gettext.html

5.4下载指定时间内修改过的文件

当下载一个文件时,可对该文件的最后修改日期进行判断,如果该文件在指定日期内修改过,就进行下载,否则不下载.

该功能可通过使用 -z 选项来实现：

若yy.html文件在2011/12/21之后有过更新才会进行下载
curl -z 21-Dec-11 http://www.example.com/yy.html

5.5CURL授权

在访问需要授权的页面时,可通过 -u 选项提供用户名和密码进行授权

curl -u username:password URL

# 通常的做法是在命令行只输入用户名,之后会提示输入密码,这样可以保证在查看历史记录时不会将密码泄露
curl -u username URL

5.6从FTP服务器下载文件

CURL同样支持FTP下载,若在url中指定的是某个文件路径而非具体的某个要下载的文件名,CURL则会列出该目录下的所有文件名而并非下载该目录下的所有文件：

# 列出public_html下的所有文件夹和文件
curl -u ftpuser:ftppass -O ftp://ftp_server/public_html/

# 下载xss.php文件
curl -u ftpuser:ftppass -O ftp://ftp_server/public_html/xss.php

5.7上传文件到FTP服务器

通过 -T 选项可将指定的本地文件上传到FTP服务器上

# 将myfile.txt文件上传到服务器
curl -u ftpuser:ftppass -T myfile.txt ftp://ftp.testserver.com

# 同时上传多个文件
curl -u ftpuser:ftppass -T "{file1,file2}" ftp://ftp.testserver.com

# 从标准输入获取内容保存到服务器指定的文件中
curl -u ftpuser:ftppass -T - ftp://ftp.testserver.com/myfile_1.txt

5.8通过字典查询单词

# 查询bash单词的含义
curl dict://dict.org/d:bash

# 列出所有可用词典
curl dict://dict.org/show:db

# 在foldoc词典中查询bash单词的含义
curl dict://dict.org/d:bash:foldoc

5.9设置代理

-x 选项可以为CURL添加代理功能：

指定代理主机和端口
curl -x proxysever.test.com:3128 http://google.co.in

5.10保存与使用网站cookie信息

# 将网站的cookies信息保存到sugarcookies文件中
curl -D sugarcookies http://localhost/sugarcrm/index.php
 
# 使用上次保存的cookie信息
curl -b sugarcookies http://localhost/sugarcrm/index.php

5.11获取HTTP头信息

通过使用 -v 和 -trace获取更多的链接信息：

curl -v http://www.centos.org

5.12发送GET/POST请求

默认curl使用GET方式请求数据,这种方式下直接通过URL传递数据.

可以通过 --data/-d 方式指定使用POST方式传递数据;通过 -X 选项指定其它协议.

# GET
curl -u username https://api.github.com/user?access_token=XXXXXXXXXX

# POST
curl -u username --data "param1=value1&param2=value" https://api.github.com

# 也可以指定一个文件,将该文件中的内容当作数据传递给服务器端
curl --data @filename https://github.api.com/authorizations

# 通过 -X 选项指定其它协议
curl -I -X DELETE https://api.github.cim

# 上传文件: -F/--form
# 相当于设置form表单的method="POST"和enctype='multipart/form-data'两个属性
curl --form "[email protected]" http://hostname/resource

注：默认情况下,通过POST方式传递过去的数据中若有特殊字符,First, you need to escape special characters before passing them to the server,如value值中包含有空格,则需要先将空格转换成%20,如：
curl -d "value%201" http://hostname.com

在新版本的CURL中,提供了新的选项 --data-urlencode,通过该选项提供的参数会自动转义特殊字符：

curl --data-urlencode "value 1" http://hostname.com

5.13设置HTTP头部字段

If the server needs to passjson文本参数：

curl -H "Content-Type: application/json" -X POST  --data '{"param":{"appkey":"xxx","secret":"xxx"}}'  http://api.xxx.com

-H/--header 用于为HTTPThe request setting is arbitraryheader及值.

-H "Content-Type: application/json"指定以json形式传递参数,The default is to pass parameters in the form of a form.

对于User-Agent、 Cookie、 Host这类标准的HTTP头部字段,通常会有另外一种设置方法.curl命令提供了特定的选项来对这些头部字段进行设置：

-A/--user-agent: 设置 User-Agent 字段
-b/--cookie: 设置 Cookie 字段
-e/--referer: 设置 Referer 字段

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