[English grammar] Unit1 articles, nouns, pronouns and numerals

Unit1 Article 、 Noun 、 Pronouns and numerals

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One 、 Article

Articles are used before nouns , Indefinite article a\an And definite articles the Two types of

1.1 Indefinite article

1. Express First mentioned , Non specific When , You need to use the indefinite article

   example sentence ：

The Wilsons live in an A-shaped house near the coast. It is a 17th-century cottage.
#  Mr. Wilson and his family live in a by the sea A In a zigzag house , That's a 17 Century cottage 

2. Express Number “ One ”

   When the indefinite article indicates quantity , Equate to one, Used before people's names , It means Don't know this person Or with a celebrity Similar nature People or things , think a certain

   example sentence ：

Hello, could I speak to Mr.Smith?
Sorry, wrong number. There isn't a Mr.Smith here.

3. be used for quite,rather,many,half,what,such After or so(as,too,how)+ Adjective after

   example sentence ：

This room is rather a big one.
She is so lovely a girl that all of us like her very much.

4. Used before some abstract nouns , It means concretization

   example sentence ：

It would be a pity to cut down these trees.
He is a great success as a scientist.

​ Similar words are pleasure,pride,honor,failure,comfort,promise,danger,reality etc. .

5. Fixed phrase collocation

   example sentence ：

a bit 
at a loss
at a time 
come to a stop
......

6. a/an The use of differentiation

• Words that begin with vowels are preceded by an, for example an eraser、an hornor etc.

• Words beginning with consonants need to be preceded by a, for example a book

• stay 26 In English letters ,a,e,i,o,f,h,l,m,n,r,s,x The pronunciation of letters like this begins with vowels , Need to use an, Other use a

  • There is an "m" and a "u" in the word "mysterious"
    

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1.2 Definite article

1. Means the above mentioned , Or what both parties know

   At this time, it is equivalent to the demonstrative pronoun this、that、those、these etc.

   example sentence ：

   A waiter came and waited. John caught my look and we both got up and, ignoring the waiter, made our way to the buffet.
   #  A waiter came over , Wait nearby . John understood my eyes , We both stood up , Ignore the waiter , Walk towards the buffet .
   

2. Used before something unique

   for example the sun,the sky,the earth wait

   example sentence ：

   Copernicus concluded that the earth goes round the sun.
   

3. Used for ordinal words , Before the highest level

   example sentence ：

   Tom is the last person that I want to see. #  Tom is the last person I want to see 
   Is Shanghai the second largest city in China? #  Is Shanghai the second largest city in China 
   He is the smartest boy in our class. #  He is the cleverest boy in our class 
   

   Be careful ：

   • The indefinite article used before the ordinal word is , Express “ Again 、 also ” It means

   • It's the second time I've read the book. I want to read it a third time.
     

   • be used for "the+ comparative " Express “ Of the two … Of ” part

   • Of the two sisters, Betty is the younger one, but she is the tallest girl in her class.
     

   • Sometimes most Express “ very ", But not the most advanced , There is no need to add the

   • He is the most famous doctor in this hospital and he is a most amazing person.
     

4. be used for the more..., the more structure

   Representation at this time " The more …, The more …"

   example sentence ：

   The more money you make, the more you can spend.
   The harder you work, the more progress you will get.
   

5. The definite article can also be used in the following situations

   • Used before plural surnames to indicate a couple or family , for example the Smiths
   • Before the plural noun of every ten , Indicates the age , for example in the 1990s
   • Add , But ball games don't add
   • be used for " Verb + people + Preposition +the+ Human body parts ", At this time, there is no possessive pronoun , Such as ：beat him on the shoulder
   • Used before a unit noun to indicate a standard , That is, the measurement standard , It's equivalent to Chinese “ Press ”,“ On ”,“ Every time ”, but by Express basis When speaking, follow abstract noun There is no need for any article , for example by weight, by length, by width
   • be used for the+ Some adjectives or past participles Middle means a kind of people , Such as the rich,the poor
   • be used for the+police/public And other collective nouns It means the general name of this kind of people
   • Used to modify same, only, very Wait for adjectives , Can be used for the same, the only, the very In structure
   • The following will show in detail the Usage of

     In the 1980s, the Smiths were already in their thirties and lived in a village. Their doughter liked playing the piano while their son liked playing football.
     Near their house there was as fair where bananas are usually sold by weight and eggs by the dozen.It was the only fair in the area. 
     The fair was open to the public only during two open-house weekends. Both the poor and the rich went there. The old took the children in the hand tightly in case they got lose.
   

6. There are also fixed phrase collocations

   all the time
   the other day
   all the year around
   at the age of 
   ......
   

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1.3 Without articles

1. identity 、 Position 、 Before the title noun

   for example be elected chairman

2. ball game 、 Before chess nouns

   for example play football, play chess

3. Before the noun of three meals a day

   for example have breakfast/lunch/supper

4. Before the transportation mode noun

   for example by bike, by ship, by plane

5. Before some place nouns

   for example bed, church, school, hospital, prison etc.

   If you add the, It means going to these places to do other things

6. Discrimination between phrases with and without definite articles

   Some fixed collocations will have different meanings when they use definite articles and when they are not used .

   Definite article	No addition
   in the front of stay ( Within the scope of ) In front of	in front of stay ( Out of range ) front
   at the table At the table	at table having dinner
   go to the school Go to school	go to school Go to school
   in the charge of stay … Under management	in charge of executive director , be responsible for
   in the case of Just … Come on	in case of If , In case
   the last week Last week relative to a certain time in the past	last week Last week before speaking
   go to the sea Go to the seaside	go to sea Set sail

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Two 、 Noun

Nouns mean people 、 thing 、 The name of place or abstract concept , There are proper nouns and common nouns , There are also uncountable and countable nouns .

countable noun , It can be divided into singular and plural forms . You can use an indefinite article before a countable noun 、 Numerals or some、many And so on . Such as ：a man、a desk、an apple、an orange、some books、some children、two pens

Uncountable nouns , Uncountable nouns , There is no plural , You can't use an indefinite article in front of 、 Numerals or many And other words modify , But you can use some,a little,much And other words to modify . Sometimes it can be matched with some quantifier phrases , The nouns in these quantifier phrases are generally countable , There are singular forms , It can also be plural , Generally used quantifier phrases a( or an） /little/bit/piece…

Such as ：some water,a little milk ,much food,a piece of bread,two bottles of ink,some glasses of water

2.1 Common noun word formation

1. from -ment constitute

   -ment Express the result of behavior or specific tools

   for example ：

   move( Move , Make movement )--movement( motion , Move )
   develop( Development )--development( Development )
   measure( measurement )--measurement( measurement )
   equip( equipment )--equipment( equipment , equipment )
   achieve( achieve , complete )--achievement( achieve , achievement )
   agree( agree! , agree )--agreement( agree! , agreement )
   

2. from -tion, -ation, -sion constitute

   -tion, -ation, -sion The process of expressing behavior

   explain( explain )--explanation( explain )
   produce( production )--production( production )
   divide( Divide )--division( Divide )
   express( Express , expression )--expression( Express , expression )
   

3. from -ness constitute

   Suffix after adjective -ness

   cold( The cold )--coldness( cold )
   dark( Dark )--darkness( The dark )
   useful( Helpful )--usefulness( use )
   exact( Precisely )--exactness( accurate )
   

4. from -ence, -ance constitute

   Some verbs or adjectives are followed by -ence or -ance It can form corresponding abstract nouns

   enter( Get into )--entrance( entrance )
   resist( resistance )--resistance( resistance )
   depend( rely on , rely on )--dependence( rely on , rely on )
   different( Different )--difference( Different , The difference )
   absent( absent , Not here )--absence( absent , be not in )
   refer( Reference resources )--reference( Reference resources )
   important( Important )--importance( Importance )
   

5. from -y, -ty, -ity constitute

   Some adjectives are followed by -y,-ty,-ity And so on, indicating the suffix of property state , Form an abstract noun

   difficult( difficult )--difficulty( difficult )
   electric( Electric )--electricity( electric )
   safe( Safe )--safety( Security )
   cruel( Cruel )--cruelty( cruel )
   able( competent )--ability( Ability )
   active( Positively , Active )--activity( Activities )
   

6. It is more complicated for some verbs to change into nouns , We need to pay attention to

   succeed--success  success 
   pronounce--pronounciation  pronunciation 
   explain--explanation  explain 
   decide--decision  decision 
   enter--entrance  Get into 
   permit--permission  allow 
   refuse--refusal  Refuse 
   consider--consideration  consider 
   discover--discovery  Find out 
   bury--burial  To bury 
   conclude--conclusion  Conclusion 
   arrive  infer  --arrival  arrive 
   weigh  heavy  --weight  weight 
   

2.2 Concretization of abstract nouns

​ Abstract nouns are generally uncountable nouns , But when abstract nouns are expressed as concrete things , It can be used as a countable noun and The meaning of the word changes . This linguistic phenomenon is called the concretization of abstract nouns .

Used as an abstract noun	specific ( Countable )
in surprise Surprised	a surprise Something surprising
win success successful	a success One ( Pieces of ) Successful people ( things )
win honor To win honor	an honor A proud thing
Failure is the mother of success Failure is the mother of success.	a failure A loser
by experience By experience	an experience An experience
full of youth and vitality Full of youth and vitality	a youth A young man
have pity on sb. Pity sb	a pity What a pity
with pleasure happy	a pleasure Lay's

He had had six failures and would have a seventh try.
 He experienced six failures , And will try for the seventh time 
A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.
 Knowing English is essential for international trade 
She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.
 She apologized to her mother for what she did wrong 

2.3 The number of nouns

1. Regular changes in the plural of countable nouns

• Usually at the end of the word -s:

  • Read after clearing consonants /s/：map-maps
  • Voiced consonants and vowels after reading /z/：bag-bags,car-cars

• With s,sh,ch,x Wait for the ending words to add -es, read /iz/：bus-buses;watch-watches

  • It is worth noting that ：stomach-stomachs

• With y Proper nouns at the end or vowels +y When the ending noun becomes plural , Direct addition -s

  • two Marys; the Henrys; monkey--monkeys; holiday--holidays

• With o The end is preceded by consonants , When it becomes plural , Some add -es

  • hero-heroes; potato-potatoes; tomato-tomatoes
  • Heroes eat potatoes and tomatoes Heroes eat potatoes and tomatoes
  • Generally, it is live plus -es, Live plus -s

• With f or fe When the ending noun becomes plural , Some add -s, Some have changed f or fe by v add -es

  • Only add s The situation of

    chief--chiefs
    belief--beliefs
    roof--roofs
    cliff--cliffs
    safe--safes
    gulf--gulfs
    

    Mnemonics ：“ chief ”,” faith “,” roof “ and ” Steep cliff “ yes ” Security “ Of ” Harbour “

  • change f or fe by v add -es The situation of

    wife--wives
    half--halves
    knife--knives
    wolf--wolves
    leaf--leaves
    life--lives
    thief--thieves
    

    Mnemonics ：“ Wife ” use “ And a half ” hold “ The knife ” prevent “ The Wolf ” It's called stealing “ Leaf “” life “ Of ” Thief “

2. The plural number of countable nouns varies irregularly

• child--children
  foot--feet
  tooth--teeth
  mouse--mice
  man--men
  woman--women
  
  #  One word plus man or woman Form a compound word , Its plural number is also men or women
  #  but German Not a compound word 
  

• Singular and plural homographs , Such as deer, sheep, fish, Chinese, Japanese

• With s ending , Still singular

  • maths, politics, physics And other subject terms , Usually uncountable nouns , It's odd

  • news It is an uncountable noun

  • Book titles that appear in plural nouns 、 Drama name 、 newspaper 、 The name of the magazine , It can also be regarded as singular

    • The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book.
      

  • It means something composed of two parts , Such as glasses, trousers, clothes In expressing the specific number is , With the help of quantitative nouns pair and suit, Such as a pair of glasses, two pairs of trousers

  • Some other nouns are plural , It may have a special meaning , Such as goods, waters, fishes

3. Uncountable nouns

The more common uncountable nouns are ：advice, news, information, progress, work, fun, weather, music, health, luck

# hair  Refers to when a person has all his hair , Is an uncountable noun , But if you mean every hair , It's countable , so to speak one hair、two hairs

#  so to speak drink beer, drink coffee, drink gin,  But when you ask for drinks, you should say ： a (glass of) beer, a gin, two gins

# experience finger “ experience ” Tense is a countable noun ：
He had an exciting experience/some exciting experiences last week.

# work meaning " occupation 、 employment 、 Work " Current events are uncountable nouns :
He is looking for work/for a job.

# works( Only the plural ) It can represent industry and commerce , Or literary and musical works ：
Shakespeare's complete works.

4. Possessive case of noun

The possessive case of a noun indicates subordination , It is divided into **'s possessive case and of possessive case **, Generally speaking ’s It means something alive ,of Often used for inanimate things .

4.1 -‘s The construction method of possessive case

In general , Direct addition -'s That's it

• children's books
  today's paper
  

With ending -s Only add -'

• girls' school
  the Smiths' car
  

With ending -s Singular nouns of usually still need to add -'s

• the boss's plan
  the hostess's worry
  

With ending -s 's name , You can just add -'s or -'

use and The possessive case of connected coordinate nouns can be divided into two cases , That is, when it means all their relationships , Add -'s, When expressing a common relationship , Just add -'s

• Tom's and Jim's rooms.
  Tom and Jim's room.
  

4.2 of+ All relations formed by nouns

of Possessive is often used for inanimate things , for example the cover of the book, But there are exceptions ：

• the housing problem of the poor.
  the skills of the workers who have been well trained.
  

Of course , Some indicate time 、 Inanimate nouns such as distance and express the world 、 Country 、 The term of sincere solicitation , It can also be used. -'s or -'

• five minutes' walk
  today's newspaper
  

4.3 Dual possessive

Dual possessive refers to will -'s and of Two possessive cases are used together , constitute of + Noun 's The format of , Represents one or part of the whole , Used to modify of The preceding noun , But at this time, the noun must be modified by a quantifier , And can not be one and the

Two classmates of my sister's will come to join us.
#  The complete ：my sister's (classmate)
#  A subset of : two classmate (of my sister's classmate)

Dual possessive can also be represented by of+ Nominal possessive pronoun constitute , for example ：a friend of mine

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3、 ... and 、 pronouns

The so-called pronoun , Is a part of speech that replaces nouns . Most pronouns have the function of nouns and adjectives . According to its meaning 、 Features and functions in sentences , Pronouns can be divided into ：

• Personal pronouns
• The possessor pronoun
• Demonstrative pronouns
• Reflexive pronouns
• Cross pronouns
• Interrogative pronouns
• Relative pronouns
• Connecting pronouns
• Indefinite pronouns

There are nine kinds .

3.1 The usage of nominative and accusative cases of personal pronouns

Personal pronouns can be divided into nominative and accusative cases , Nominative pronouns usually act as subjects in sentences 、 An expression , Accusative pronouns are generally used as the object of verbs and prepositions .

If you keep a pet, you need to spend some time taking care of it.
#  Two  you  Be the subject respectively , it  Be an object 

# we,you,they  Sometimes it can be generalized " people "
They say prices are going to rise again.

# she  It can be used to refer to a country 、 Ships 、 The earth 、 Moon, etc 
China will always do what she has promised to do.

The Titanic was on her first voyage when she sank.

#  Pay attention to the order when personal pronouns are juxtaposed 
You and I are good friends.
You and he must be there at seven o'clock.
You, he and I will be put in the same class. 

3.2 Nominal and adjective possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns are pronouns that express all relationships , It can be divided into adjectives , There are two parts of speech of nouns

The first … said	Singular and plural	Adjective possessive pronoun	Nominal possessive pronoun	Chinese meaning
first person	singular	my	mine	my
first person	The plural	ours	ours	our
The second person	singular	your	yours	Yours
The second person	The plural	yours	yours	Yours
third person	singular	his, her, its	his, hers, its	His , her , its
third person	The plural	their	theirs	their , Their , Their

Adjective possessive pronouns cannot be used alone , It must be placed before a noun as an attribute .

My name is John Green.
They wash their hair every day.

Nominal possessive pronouns can be used alone , amount to “ Adjective possessive pronoun + Noun ”, Often do objects and expressions .

These are his books. Yours are over there.
I forgot to bring my dictionary. Could I use yours?
Whose book is this? It's hers.

3.3 The usage of reflexive pronouns

Reflexive pronouns are pronouns that express reflection or emphasis , Express “ I ( People ) own ",“ you ( People ) own ”,“ He / she / They themselves ”.

First of all 、 Two person reflexive pronouns consist of adjective possessive pronouns +-self or -selves constitute , The third person reflexive pronoun is added by the accusative case of the personal pronoun -self or -selves constitute , Reflexive pronouns are often used as objects 、 Predicative and appositive .

Be an object

Some verbs are often used with reflexive pronouns , Such as bathe, amuse, blame, feed, dress, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave etc.

Little Albert is only four, but he can feed himself, wash himself and dress himself.

Common expressions are ：

dress oneslef  Dress yourself 
say to oneself  In mind 
devote oneself to  betake 
seat oneself  Sit down 
enjoy oneself  Have a good time 
talk/speak to oneself  Think aloud 
help oneself to  eat whatever you like 
teach oneself  self-taught 
hide oneself  Hide yourself 

Make a statement

Reflexive pronouns can be used as expressions

The boy in the picture is myself, not anyone else.
I am not myself today.  I am not feeling well today 

Do appositions

Reflexive pronouns can strengthen the tone of nouns or pronouns , emphasize " own , personally , I am " Wait , Usually followed by nouns 、 After pronouns , It can also be used at the end of a sentence , At this time, reflexive pronouns should be stressed .

I'm afraid I can't help you. You'll have to do it yourself.
#  I'm afraid I can't help you , You have to do it yourself 

You should ask the students themselves.
#  You should ask the students themselves 

Reflexive pronouns are also often associated with for, of, in, by And other prepositional collocations , Form a fixed phrase

for oneself  personally 
of oneself  Automatically 
in oneself  Inherent 
by oneself  Alone 

3.4 Interrogative pronouns

Interrogative pronouns have who( nominative ), whom( The object ), whose( possessive case ), what( what ), which( Which one? ) etc. , Usually placed at the beginning of a sentence , And as a sentence component in the sentence .

Who is going to speak to us tomorrow.
Whom are you talking about?
Whose umbrella is this?
What did he say?
Which is yours, the blue pen or the red one?

Interrogative pronouns can be used in Nominal Clauses , When used in Nominal Clauses , The word order of inverted sentences needs to be changed into that of declarative sentences .

Do you know what he has said. #  Do you know what he said 
#  Interrogative pronouns what Guide an object clause , And he himself is the object in the clause 

Who will be in charge of the work is still not decided. #  Who will be in charge of this work is still undecided 
#  Interrogative pronouns who Lead a subject clause , It itself is the subject in the clause 

3.5 Indefinite pronouns

both, either, neither

both Meaning for “( both ) all ”,either signify “( Of the two ) Any one ”,neither Meaning for "( both ) Neither ", To refer to three or more ,all It means all three , Then use any Indicates any of the three ,none It means none of the three .

He has two sons, both of whom are clever.
He has two sons, either of whom is clever.
He has two sons, neither of whom is clever.

each and every

each It can be used as a pronoun 、 Adjective 、 adverb ,every It's an adjective , It only has the function of adjectives .

• each Of two or more people or things “ Every ”, emphasize one by one The meaning of ,every Of three or more people or things “ All of you ”, And all Similar meaning .

  He gave a book to each of his parents.
  Every worker was there and each did his own work.
  

• each When used as an adjective , Modify singular nouns , Take the third person singular form , When doing pronouns , Use alone , Take three verbs , When put after plural nouns and pronouns as appositions , The predicate verb is in the plural form . if each of them doing , Predicate verbs can be used in singular form or plural form .

  Each man carries his own bag. #  Modify singular nouns 
  We each have our own office. #  do we The apposition of 
  Each carries his own bag. #  pronouns 
  Each of them are/is here. #  pronouns 
  

• every And not Continuous use , It means partial negation ,each Pronouns are generally not used with negative sentences , Use more in negative sentences neither, none, no Wait for .

  Every man is not honest. #  Not everyone is very urban 
  

• each Cannot be used in front of almost, nearly, not Words like , but every You can use . Note that in negative sentences, there is generally no each! each of This expression should be replaced by none of

  Almost every windows was broken. #  Almost every window is broken  #  Unavailable almost each
  Not every child enjoyed the party. #  Not all children like this party 
  None of the answers were correct. #  All the answers are incorrect ( Total negation )
  

• every Always modify singular nouns , Followed by three orders . representative each and every The possessive pronoun of can be used his, Also available their

  Each carried their/his own bag.
  

some and any

some It is often used in affirmative sentences ,any It is often used in negative sentences 、 Interrogative sentence or conditional sentence . In expressing request 、 Suggest 、 Rhetorical question or question sentence hoping to get a positive answer , Commonly used some without any.some It can be used with numerals , Express “ about ” It means .

Would you mind buying me some candies on your way home?
Will you give me some paper?
She gained some 25 pounds in weight during pregnancy. #  She gained about during pregnancy 25 pounds 

few, a few, little, a little

• few / a few Used to modify a countable noun ,few To express a negative meaning , Meaning for “ No, , Hardly any ”,a few Express positive meaning , Meaning for “ There are several ”

  He has few friends here, so he freels lonely. #  He has few friends here , So I feel lonely 
  There are a few eggs in the basket. #  There are several eggs in the basket 
  

• little / a little Used to modify uncountable nouns , And few similar ,little Denying ,a little To affirm

another, the other, others

• another or another+ Singular countable nouns Generally speaking “ the other one , Another one ”, Its plural form others or other+ Plural nouns , Generally speaking " Other people ( Or things )", Common collocations are one ... another,some ... others

  This glass is broken. Give me another, please.
  There are may people in the park. Some are walking, some are jogging, and others are dancing.
  

• the other Especially one of the two , There is often one... the other ... The collocation of , The plural form is the others

  He has a book in one hand, and a pan in the other.
  Of the four boys, one is in Grade One, the others are in Grade Two.
  

• another It can also be used for another+ Cardinal number + Plural nouns , Such as another three cups

  #  And  other  and  another Related idioms ：
  other than( except ... outside )
  each other=one another( mutual )
  one after another( One by one )
  

Compound indefinite pronouns

from some, any, no, every add body, oen, things The indefinite pronoun formed is called the corresponding indefinite pronoun . Common are ：

somebody  Sb. 
someone  Certain recognition 
something  something 

anybody  anybody 
anyone  anybody 
nobody  No one 

everybody  everyone 
everyone  everyone 
everything  Everything , everything 

nothing  Nothing 

Compound indefinite pronouns are equivalent to nouns , Do the subject in the sentence 、 Objects and expressions , And it cannot be used as an attribute .

Everything goes as planned. #  doing 
I don't have anything to say. #  Be an object 
Money is not everything. #  Make an expression 

When compound indefinite pronouns are modified by attributes , Attributives must be placed behind them .

There is nothing wrong with the machine.

Alternative words it, that, (the) one(s), those Usage of

• Alternative words it, one, that Differentiation and analysis

  it/ one/ that All three can be pronouns , Refers to the noun mentioned above , Generally speaking ,it It refers to the same item mentioned above , one, that Is a foreign body with the same name .

  I have lost my umbrella, I'm looking for it.
  I have lost my umbrella, I thing I must buy one.
  The umnbrella you bought is cheaper than that I bought.
  

• one And ones The difference between

  one=a/an+ The nouns appearing above , Plural use ones, The nominative case is the same as the accusative case

  There are many school bags, I want to buy one.
  The only jokes I tell are the ones that I hear from my friends.
  

• that And the + Noun

  that=the+ The nouns appearing above , Including countable nouns singular and uncountable nouns , When referring to plural nouns, use those

  The weather in Nanjing is hotter than that in Beijing.
  

• Use... Instead of singular countable nouns one and that All possible , Generally speaking, it refers to one, Especially with that

  I don't have a computer, and I've decided to buy one.
  The computer is different from that we are using.
  

• Heel of When a phrase is used , Generally, you can only use that(those)

  The light of the sun is much brighter than that of the moon.
  

• When replacing a specific countable noun , If there is no prepositional attribute ,that or the one It can be used interchangeably

  This film is more interesting than that (the one) we saw last night.
  

it Usage of non personal pronouns

• it Time 、 distance 、 value 、 The weather 、 Climate and temperature

  it When making Impersonal Pronouns , Mainly used to refer to time 、 distance 、 value 、 The weather 、 Climate and temperature

  It's too late to go there now.
  It rained all day yesterday.
  It can get very hot here.
  

• it Guided emphasis sentence pattern

  it The structure of the leading emphasis sentence is ：It+be+ Emphasized part +that/who+ other , This kind of emphasis sentence is converted from ordinary sentence , Used to emphasize the subject of a sentence 、 Object or adverbial .

  Karl bought Mary a bicycle on her birthday.
  
  It was Karl that/who bought Mary a bicycle on her birthday.
  It was a bicycle that Karl bought Mary on her birthday.
  

  not...until... Sentence patterns can also be used to emphasize sentence patterns , Its structure is ：It is not until + Emphasized part + that + other , Express “ until … only "

  It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a film star.
  =
  I didn't realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.
  =
  Not until she took off her dark glasses did I realize she was a film star.
  

• it Be a formal subject

  When infinitive 、 Gerund 、 When complex components such as clauses are used as sentence subjects , To keep the sentence balance , Usually put the real subject at the end of the sentence , Use the formal subject at the beginning of a sentence it`

  It + be + adj. + for/of sb. to do sth. Do sth for sb , When adjectives focus on describing someone's quality 、 Characteristics , Need to use of, When focusing on the action itself, you need to use for

  It's very kind of you to help me with my English.
  It's very hard for me to answer such a complicated question.
  

  It takes sb. + Period of time + to do sth. Meaning for “ It took sb. Time to do sth … Time

  It took me two months to finish writing this book.
  

  It is said/reported/learned that Meaning for “ It is said that / As report goes / It is reported that …"

  It is reported that a female worker in the gas station put out the fire.
  

  It is suggested/ordered that... Meaning for “ It is suggested that / There are orders ” The past participle in the main sentence means request 、 Suggest 、 Command and other words ,that The following clauses should be in subjunctive mood , The predicate part adopts "should+ Verb primitives " In the form of .

  It is suggested that some measures (should) be taken to protect the special plant.
  

• it Be a formal object

  When infinitive 、 Gerund 、 When complex elements such as clauses are used as objects followed by object complements , Formal objects are usually used it Instead of , And move the real object to the end of the sentence , Its basic structure is “ Verb + it + Object complement + Infinitive ( Gerund or clause )". Verbs commonly used in this structure are ：think, believe, make, find, consider, feel, take

  I find it hard to translate this Chinese sentence into English.
  

  #  Some expressions “ pleasure, anger, sorrow, joy ” It's a simple verb , Such as like, enjoy, love, hate etc. , It is often impossible to directly follow the object clause , Need to use it Make a formal object 
  I don't like it that he's so lazy.
  

• it A fixed sentence pattern used to express time

  # It's time for sth.  It's time to do sth 
  It's time for class.
  
  # It's time to do sth.  It's time to do something 
  It's time to have lunch.
  
  # It's time for sb. to do sth.  It's time for sb. To do sth 
  It's time for us to go home.
  
  # It's (about/high) time + that  clause .  Meaning for " It's time for sb. To do sth ", The predicate verb of a clause needs to use the past tense , Sometimes I use "should+ Verb primitives "
  It's high time you started thinking about saving for your old age.
  
  # It's the first(second) time + that  clause .  Meaning for “ Someone comes first / Do sth for the second time "
  It's the first time that the boy has spoken to a foreigner.
  
  # It's +  Period of time  + since  clause .  Meaning for “ since ... It's been a while "
  How time flies! It's three months since I saw you last time.
  
  # It's +  Period of time  + before  clause , Meaning for “ How long will it take to ....""
  It was several minutes before we realised what was happening.
  

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Four 、 numeral

4.1 Cardinal number

• Basic usage of cardinal words

  Used as a cardinal unit hundred, thousand, million, billion Usually without plural suffix -s, But if used to express hundreds 、 Thousands of 、 Millions of such generic , Use the plural .

  About two thousand people died in the earthquake.
  Thousands of people go to the seaside every year.
  

• The usage of cardinal words for whole ten

  The cardinal word for whole ten can be used in the plural to express a person's approximate age or a certain age

  He is in his early twenties. #  His age is 20 Head start 
  This story took place in the 1930s. #  The story takes place in 20 century 30 years 
  

4.2 Ordinal words

• The formation of ordinal words

  Most ordinal words are added by Cardinal words -th constitute , Such as ：seven-seventh, ten-tenth

  With -t The cardinal word at the end only adds -h, Such as eight-eighth

  With -ve Change the cardinal word at the end -ve by -f add -th, Such as five-fifth, twelve-twelfth

  With -y Change the cardinal word at the end -y by -ie add -th, Such as twenty-twentieth, thirty-thirtieth

  Dozens of ordinal words are only reflected in single digits , Such as twenty-one-twenty-first

  Special ordinal words ：one-first, two-second, three-third, nine-ninth

• Indefinite article a Used with ordinal words

  Prefix ordinal words a Express “ Once again, ”

  Can I try a second time?
  

• Ordinal words used in fractions

  When describing scores , Numerator uses cardinal number , The denominator is an ordinal , The molecule is larger than 1 when , Add to the denominator s

  1/5: one fifth
  2/3: two thirds
  

4.3 Multiple

The following sentence patterns are often used to express multiples in English ：

A is three/four ... times the size/height/length/width ... of B.
A is three/four ... times as big/higt/long/wide ... as B.
A is three/four ... times bigger/higher/longer/wider ... than B.

... times + more +  Noun  + than ...
... times + as many(much) +  Noun  + as ...
... times + what  clause 

use times When expressing multiples , Generally, it is limited to multiples of three times or more , It means two cups of common twice or double

The box is one-third bigger than that one.
This dictionary is five times as thick as the one you borrowed from the library.

4.4 The subject predicate of numerals is consistent

• Time 、 distance 、 Repeated nouns such as money or weight have the same subject predicate

  When the head word of a noun phrase is time 、 distance 、 When plural nouns such as money or weight , Often according to the principle of consistent meaning , Take these plural nouns as a whole , The predicate takes the singular form .

  Twenty dollars is not enough.
  Two months has passed before we realized that.
  
  #  But numerals are used alone to express people or things , Predicate verbs are usually plural 
  Three were killed and ten were missing in that accident.
  

• fraction 、 The subject predicate in the percentage is consistent

  If the subject of the sentence is ” A fraction or percentage +of+ A noun or pronoun “ In the form of , The single of predicate verbs 、 The plural form depends on of The number of nouns or pronouns in prepositional phrases , If of Nouns or pronouns in prepositional phrases are singular or uncountable nouns , Then the predicate verb takes the singular form , If of In prepositional phrases, nouns or drops have plural meanings , Predicate verbs are also plural .

  Two thirds of the earth is convered with water.
  Two thirds of the people present are against the plan.
  

• "many a/more than one + Singular noun " The subject predicate of the structure is consistent

  If the subject is the structure , Although in the sense of plural , But the predicate verb is still singular .

  Many a student in this class has expected as long break. #  Many students in the class are looking forward to having more rest