Reading notes of "learn to ask questions"

The overall architecture

Methodological framework of demonstration ：

The benefits and methods of asking questions correctly

The three dimensions of critical thinking ：

1. Awareness of a set of interrelated key issues
2. The ability to ask and answer key questions at the right time and in the right way
3. A strong desire to actively use these key issues

Sponge thinking and gold rush thinking ：

1. Sponge type ： His main task is to find out the author's views and fully understand them , He will remember the author's demonstration process , But it is not evaluated . But the advantage is to absorb more information from the outside world , The more you can understand the myriad threads of the world , The acquired knowledge will lay a solid foundation for more complex thinking in the future .
2. Gold rush ： Pay attention to actively interact with it in the process of acquiring knowledge , Ask readers to ask themselves a set of established questions , To find the best decision or belief

sense of worth ：
Values refer to the ideas that people think are more valuable but have not stated clearly , It is the importance people attach to abstract ideas that has a significant impact on their choices and behaviors .

The main values of critical thinkers ：

• Independent decision ： Find or listen to all kinds of opinions in an all-round way and form your own conclusion
• Curiosity ： Make full use of gold rush thinking
• Courtesy
• Respect the rigorous argument from the heart ： Don't cling to your conclusion , Fully respect the current best argument , Can not be “ Operational argument ”—— The demonstration method has been screened in advance , In order to reach a specific conclusion

Obstacles that interfere with critical thinking

Metaphor of deceleration belt ：1. As long as you slow down , They can overcome 2. Whether you notice it or not , They are right there 3. Although you notice them , They still interfere with your speed

1. Asking questions correctly brings unhappiness ： Know who you are talking to , Pay attention to strategy when using critical thinking
2. Think about it
3. stereotypes ： Or that sentence —— Don't label people casually
4. These thinking habits will betray us :
   a. Halo effect ： The positive or negative characteristics of a person , Will connect these characteristics with everything else in this person . If someone is a national first-class athlete , Then he must have a lot of excellence in other aspects , That's it “ Paint a halo ”.
   b. Belief Perseverance
   c. Accessibility inspiration ： It refers to the psychological shortcut we use repeatedly , Used to rely on their own information to make decisions , Instead of relying on the information necessary to make better decisions
   d. give an irrelevant answer ： A donkey's lips are not right, and a horse's mouth is easy to shift the topic , Then our ability to ask effective critical questions will be greatly reduced
5. Self-centered ： Forget the object you face , Immerse yourself in your knowledge world , Immerse in the solutions we know .“ The curse of knowledge ”—— If we don't have the knowledge we know now , Then we simply can't tell what this knowledge is
6. Wishful thinking —— The biggest obstacle to critical thinking ：
   If a person prefers to believe those concepts or facts that he hopes to be true , Rather than believe those concepts or facts that have been proved to be true . Create a set of beliefs to cater to this illusory world , If you want something to be true, just declare it to be true

What are the topics and conclusions

• The thesis ： Is the problem that causes dialogue or discussion 、 controversy . It is the driving force for all subsequent discussions .
• Conclusion ： It is the message that others try to pass on to you and make you accept , The purpose is to shape your beliefs or behaviors

Types of topics ：

• A descriptive thesis is a pointer to the past 、 The accuracy of present or future descriptions raises questions .
• Prescriptive thesis refers to what should be done and what should not be done , What is right, what is wrong, and what is good and what is bad .

Assertions without evidence become pure opinions

Why

The so-called reason , It refers to why we should believe the explanation or basis of an explanation

The argument itself has several characteristics that deserve attention ：

1. Argument must have a purpose
2. The quality of argument varies
3. The argument has two obvious necessary components , A conclusion and its supporting reasons

The first step to find reasons when contacting arguments is to ask “ Why? ？”

Which words have ambiguous meanings

There is no obligation to evaluate those ideas and choices that cannot be expressed clearly . If he can't provide a clear picture of the argument , Then he has no right to force you to believe him

Value hypothesis and descriptive hypothesis

Superficial 、 The stated reason is not the only idea to prove or support its conclusion , Some inner 、 Didn't say it 、 The role of taking things for granted in a thorough understanding of the argument , At least it may be as important as superficial reasons .

Remember ： The visible part of an argument is often most likely to wear a gorgeous coat , Because the person who shows this argument always hopes to persuade you to accept it . The person who provides the argument may want to hide part of it from you , And your mind should learn to seize the opportunity , Complement these components of the argument .

Check the reason first , Then check the conclusion , Look for value assumptions and descriptive assumptions

The so-called value hypothesis , It refers to a kind of thing that is not stated clearly under specific circumstances 、 Take it for granted , It believes that one of some opposing values is more important than the other .

A value orientation needs to have reasons to support it , Just as other conclusions need reasons

The so-called descriptive hypothesis , It refers to the past of the world 、 What belief is it now or in the future ; The prescriptive hypothesis or value hypothesis refers to the belief in what the world should be .

Is there any fallacy in the argument

please remember ： The primary goal of critical reading and listening , Is to judge whether the conclusion is acceptable , Or judge whether its value is big or small .

A way to find fallacies ：

slippery slope ： It is envisaged that taking the proposed steps will trigger a series of uncontrollable adverse events , In fact, there are ready-made systems or procedures to prevent the occurrence of such chain events
The fallacy of pursuing perfect solutions ： Think we should not support the solution to the problem of a , Unless it can fundamentally solve this problem . If we can really find the perfect solution , Then we should naturally accept him
Appeal to public fallacy ： The public has often not fully studied a problem , Not enough to provide reasonable judgment
Resort to questionable authority fallacies ： Unless we know that these authorities have special knowledge of this topic
Appeal to emotional fallacy ： When theorists stimulate people's emotional reactions , Then use this emotional response to get people to agree with his conclusion
straw man ： If someone attacks several aspects of a position , Remember to check whether he has fairly and comprehensively expressed this position
False dilemma fallacy ： If a theorist oversimplifies a topic by stating only two options
It's a fallacy to buckle your hat indiscriminately ： When someone claims that they have found the cause of a certain behavior , In fact, what they did was just to name this problem
Planning fallacy
Halo effect fallacy ： Pile up moral words
The fallacy of shifting the topic
Circular argument ： The conclusion is proved by the same conclusion （ Just different expressions ）

Other

A big problem , Rarely can you use simple “ yes ” Or absolutely “ No ” To answer . When people are used to using Black and white 、 No matter whether or not 、 Right or wrong 、 When thinking in the wrong way , They are responding Use the dichotomy thinking method (dichotomous thinking). This type of thinking tends to be a Questions that may have multiple answers are assumed to have only two possible answers . It always likes to look at and mention a question Two aspects of the question , It seems that there are only two sides to all problems in the world , This habit is destructive to our thinking Destructive effect .
In a word ： Look at problems in a three-dimensional way