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CenOS MySQL入门及安装

2022-08-05 10:51:00 【51CTO】

MySQL入门及安装

什么是数据

数据(data)是事实或观察的结果，是对客观事物的逻辑归纳，是用于表示客观事物的未经加工的的原始素材。
数据可以是连续的值，比如声音、图像，称为模拟数据。也可以是离散的，如符号、文字，称为数字数据。
在计算机系统中，数据以二进制信息单元0,1的形式表示。

数据的定义: 数据是指对客观事件进行记录并可以鉴别的符号，是对客观事物的性质、状态以及相互关系等进行记载的物理符号或这些物理符号的组合。它是可识别的、抽象的符号。

什么是数据库管理系统

DBMS（database management system）

CenOS MySQL入门及安装_关系型数据库

数据库管理系统分类

关系型数据库（RDBMS）
- 以多张二维表的方式来存储，又给多张表建立了一定的关系（关系型数据库）
非关系型数据库（NoSQL）
- 左边rdbms右边nosql 很多以json格式进行存储数据的（mogodb）
- key:value

关系型数据库和非关系型数据库对比

功能对比

	关系型数据库	非关系型数据库
强大的查询功能	√	×
强一致性	√	×
二级索引	√	×
灵活模式	×	√
扩展性	×	√
性能	×	√

关系型数据库（RDBMS）的特点：

二维表
典型产品Oracle传统企业，MySQL互联网企业
数据存取是通过SQL（Structured Query Language结构化查询语言）
最大特点数据安全性方面强（ACID）

非关系型数据库（（NoSQL：Not only SQL）的特点：

不是否定关系型数据库，而是做关系型数据库的补充。

时代特点对比:

web1.0时代
- 企业提供内容，用户浏览，所以关系型数据库够用，并发并不高，所以不需要nosql
web2.0时代
- 核心是企业提供平台，用户参与提供内容，这个时代关系型数据库无法满足需求了
2003NoSQL出现
- memcache的诞生，关注的点是性能，但是针对安全性能关注比较低，随着安全性能需求不断提升，所以有了redis
redis的特点
- 依然高性能高并发
- 数据持久化功能
- 支持多数据类型，主从复制和集群
- 管理不再使用SQL了

NoSQL特性总览

1.不是否定关系型数据库，而是做关系型数据库的补充，现在也有部分替代的趋势mongodb
2.关注高性能，高并发，灵活性，忽略和上述无关的功能
3.现在也在提升安全性和使用功能
4.典型产品：redis（持久化缓存，两个半天）、MongoDB（最接近关系型数据库的NoSQL）、memcached
5.管理不适用SQL管理，而是用一些特殊的API或数据接口

NoSQL的分类、特点、典型产品

键值（KV）存储：memcached、redis
列存储（column-oriented）：HBASE（新浪、360）Cassandra（200台服务器集群）
文档数据库（document-oriented）：MongoDB（最接近关系型数据库的NoSQL）
图形存储（Graph）：Neo4j

MySQL安装

yum
源码
二进制

版本选型

5.6：GA 6-12个月，小版本号是偶数版

5.7：GA 6-12个月，小版本号是偶数版，必须是5.7.20以上版本（MGR）

MySQL官网： https://www.mysql.com/

CenOS MySQL入门及安装_数据_02

CenOS MySQL入门及安装_关系型数据库_03

CenOS MySQL入门及安装_数据_04

CenOS MySQL入门及安装_mysql_05

CenOS MySQL入门及安装_mysql_06

MySQL—5.6源码安装

## 0.安装MySQL依赖
[[email protected] ~]# yum install -y cmake zlib-devel openssl-devel autoconf ncurses-devel

## 1.下载MySQL5.6
[[email protected] ~]# wget wget https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/get/p/23/file/mysql-5.6.50.tar.gz

## 2.解压
[[email protected] ~]# tar xf mysql-5.6.50.tar.gz

## 进入解压好的目录
[[email protected] ~]# cd mysql-5.6.50/

## 3.生成
# MySQL的安装目录
cmake . -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/application/mysql-5.6.50 \
#数据存放位置
-DMYSQL_DATADIR=/application/mysql-5.6.50/data \
#socket文件存放位置
-DMYSQL_UNIX_ADDR=/application/mysql-5.6.50/tmp/mysql.sock \
#使用utf8字符集
-DDEFAULT_CHARSET=utf8 \
#校验规则
-DDEFAULT_COLLATION=utf8_general_ci \
#使用其他额外的字符集
-DWITH_EXTRA_CHARSETS=all \
#支持的存储引擎
-DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DWITH_FEDERATED_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DWITH_BLACKHOLE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
#禁用的存储引擎
-DWITHOUT_EXAMPLE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
#启用zlib库支持（zib、gzib相关）
-DWITH_ZLIB=bundled \
#启用SSL库支持（安全套接层）
-DWITH_SSL=system \
#启用本地数据导入支持
-DENABLED_LOCAL_INFILE=1 \
#编译嵌入式服务器支持
-DWITH_EMBEDDED_SERVER=1 \
# mysql5.6支持了google的c++mock框架了，允许下载，否则会安装报错。
-DENABLE_DOWNLOADS=1 \
#禁用debug（默认为禁用）
-DWITH_DEBUG=0

[[email protected] mysql-5.6.50]# cmake . -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/application/mysql-5.6.50 \
-DMYSQL_DATADIR=/application/mysql-5.6.50/data \
-DMYSQL_UNIX_ADDR=/application/mysql-5.6.50/tmp/mysql.sock \
-DDEFAULT_CHARSET=utf8 \
-DDEFAULT_COLLATION=utf8_general_ci \
-DWITH_EXTRA_CHARSETS=all \
-DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DWITH_FEDERATED_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DWITH_BLACKHOLE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DWITHOUT_EXAMPLE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DWITH_ZLIB=bundled \
-DWITH_SSL=system \
-DENABLED_LOCAL_INFILE=1 \
-DWITH_EMBEDDED_SERVER=1 \
-DENABLE_DOWNLOADS=1 \
-DWITH_DEBUG=0

## 4.编译 && 安装
[[email protected] mysql-5.6.50]# make && make install

----------------------------------------------------------
## 5.做软链接
[[email protected] mysql-5.6.50]# ln -s /application/mysql-5.6.50 /application/mysql

### 目录结构
[[email protected] mysql-5.6.50]# cd /application/mysql
[[email protected] mysql]# ll
total 220
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root   4096 Aug  2 17:19 bin
drwxr-xr-x  3 root root     18 Aug  2 17:19 data
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root     55 Aug  2 17:19 docs
drwxr-xr-x  3 root root   4096 Aug  2 17:19 include
drwxr-xr-x  3 root root    291 Aug  2 17:19 lib
-rw-r--r--  1 root root 198041 Sep 23  2020 LICENSE
drwxr-xr-x  4 root root     30 Aug  2 17:19 man
drwxr-xr-x 10 root root   4096 Aug  2 17:19 mysql-test
-rw-r--r--  1 root root    587 Sep 23  2020 README
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root     30 Aug  2 17:19 scripts
drwxr-xr-x 28 root root   4096 Aug  2 17:19 share
drwxr-xr-x  4 root root   4096 Aug  2 17:19 sql-bench
drwxr-xr-x  2 root root    136 Aug  2 17:19 support-files

## 6.拷贝配置文件
[[email protected] mysql]# cp support-files/my-default.cnf /etc/my.cnf
cp: overwrite ‘/etc/my.cnf’? yes

## 7.拷贝启动脚本
[[email protected] mysql]# cp support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld

## 8.做初始化
[[email protected] mysql]# cd scripts/
[[email protected] scripts]# ./mysql_install_db --basedir=/application/mysql --datadir=/application/mysql/data

## 9.创建socket存放目录
[[email protected] scripts]# mkdir /application/mysql-5.6.50/tmp

## 10.创建MySQL用户
[[email protected] scripts]# useradd mysql -s /sbin/nologin -M

## 11.授权MySQL安装目录
[[email protected] scripts]# chown mysql.mysql -R /application/mysql-5.6.50/

## 12.启动数据库
[[email protected] scripts]# /etc/init.d/mysqld start
Starting MySQL.Logging to '/application/mysql-5.6.50/data/db02.err'.
 SUCCESS!
 
## 13.添加环境变量
[[email protected] scripts]# echo 'PATH="/application/mysql/bin:$PATH"' >> /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh

## 14.加载环境变量
[[email protected] scripts]# source /etc/profile

## 15.连接数据库
[[email protected] scripts]# mysql
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 1
Server version: 5.6.50 Source distribution

Copyright (c) 2000, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> 


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MySQL—5.6二进制安装

CenOS MySQL入门及安装_数据_07

## 0.安装依赖
[[email protected] ~]# yum install -y autoconf libaio-devel

## 1.下载
[[email protected] ~]# wget https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/get/p/23/file/mysql-5.6.50-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz

## 2.解压
[[email protected] ~]# tar xf mysql-5.6.50-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz

## 3.创建安装目录
[[email protected] ~]# mkdir /application

## 4.移动到安装目录
[[email protected] ~]# mv mysql-5.6.50-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 /application/mysql-5.6.50

## 5.做软链接
[[email protected] ~]# ln -s /application/mysql-5.6.50 /application/mysql

## 6.拷贝配置文件
[[email protected] ~]# cd /application/mysql
[[email protected] mysql]# cp support-files/my-default.cnf /etc/my.cnf
cp: overwrite ‘/etc/my.cnf’? yes

## 7.拷贝脚本
[[email protected] mysql]# cp support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld

## 8.创建MySQL用户
[[email protected] mysql]# useradd mysql -s /sbin/nologin -M

## 9.初始化
[[email protected] mysql]# cd scripts/
[[email protected] scripts]# ./mysql_install_db --basedir=/application/mysql --datadir=/application/mysql/data

## 10.替换脚本中的/usr/local为/application
[[email protected] scripts]# vim /etc/init.d/mysqld
:%s#/usr/local#/application#g

## 11.授权
[[email protected] scripts]# chown -R mysql.mysql /application/mysql-5.6.50/

## 12.添加环境变量
[[email protected] scripts]# echo 'PATH="/application/mysql/bin:$PATH"' >> /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh

## 13.加载环境变量
[[email protected] scripts]# source /etc/profile

## 14.启动数据库
[[email protected] scripts]# /etc/init.d/mysqld start
Starting MySQL.Logging to '/application/mysql/data/db02.err'.
 SUCCESS! 

## 15.连接数据库
[[email protected] scripts]# mysql
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 1
Server version: 5.6.50 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> 


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MySQL—5.7源码安装

CenOS MySQL入门及安装_数据_08

## 0.安装MySQL依赖
[[email protected] ~]# yum install -y ncurses-devel libaio-devel gcc gcc-c++ glibc cmake autoconf openssl openssl-devel 

## 创建目录
[[email protected] tools]# mkdir /opt/tools

## 1.下载MySQL5.7
[[email protected] tools]# wget https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/get/p/23/file/mysql-boost-5.7.36.tar.gz

## 2.解压
[[email protected] tools]# tar xf mysql-boost-5.7.36.tar.gz

## 进入解压好的目录
[[email protected] tools]# cd mysql-5.7.36/

## 3.生成
cmake . -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/application/mysql-5.7.36 \
-DMYSQL_DATADIR=/application/mysql-5.7.36/data \
-DMYSQL_UNIX_ADDR=/application/mysql-5.7.36/tmp/mysql.sock \
-DDOWNLOAD_BOOST=1 \
-DWITH_BOOST=/opt/tools/mysql-5.7.36/boost \
-DDEFAULT_CHARSET=utf8 \
-DDEFAULT_COLLATION=utf8_general_ci \
-DWITH_EXTRA_CHARSETS=all \
-DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DWITH_FEDERATED_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DWITH_BLACKHOLE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DWITHOUT_EXAMPLE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DWITH_ZLIB=bundled \
-DWITH_SSL=system \
-DENABLED_LOCAL_INFILE=1 \
-DWITH_EMBEDDED_SERVER=1 \
-DENABLE_DOWNLOADS=1 \
-DWITH_DEBUG=0

## 4.编译 && 安装
[[email protected] mysql-5.7.36]# make && make install

## 5.做软链接
[[email protected] local]# ln -s /application/mysql-5.7.36-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ /application/mysql

## 6.创建数据库用户
[[email protected] mysql-5.7.36]# useradd mysql -s /sbin/nologin -M

## 7.授权
[[email protected] mysql-5.7.36]# chown mysql:mysql -R /application/mysql-5.7.36/

## 8.修改 my.cnf配置文件
[[email protected] mysql-5.7.36]# vim /etc/my.cnf

## 9.拷贝启动脚本
[[email protected] mysql-5.7.36]# cp support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld

## 10.初始化
[[email protected] mysql]# mkdir -p data
[[email protected] mysql]# mkdir -p tmp
[[email protected] mysql]# cd bin
[[email protected] bin]# ./mysqld --initialize --user=mysql --basedir=/application/mysql --datadir=/application/mysql/data

## 11.重新授权
[[email protected] bin]# chown mysql:mysql -R /application/mysql-5.7.36/

## 12.启动数据库
[[email protected] mysql-5.7.36]# chmod +x /etc/init.d/mysqld 
[[email protected] mysql-5.7.36]# /etc/init.d/mysqld start
Starting MySQL.Logging to '/application/mysql-5.7.36/data/db03.err'.
 SUCCESS! 
 
## 13.添加环境变量
[[email protected] mysql-5.7.36]# echo 'PATH="/application/mysql/bin:$PATH"' >> /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh

## 14.加载环境变量
[[email protected] mysql-5.7.36]# source /etc/profile

## 15.连接数据库
[[email protected] mysql-5.7.36]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password: 


## 16.修改密码
mysql> alter user [email protected] identified by '123456';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

## 17.退出重新登录
mysql> \q
Bye
[[email protected] mysql-5.7.36]# mysql -uroot -p123456
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 5
Server version: 5.7.36 Source distribution

Copyright (c) 2000, 2021, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> 

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MySQL—5.7二进制安装

CenOS MySQL入门及安装_数据_09

## 0.安装依赖
[[email protected] ~]# yum install -y autoconf libaio-devel

## 1.下载
[[email protected] ~]# wget https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/get/p/23/file/mysql-5.7.36-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz

## 2.解压
[[email protected] ~]# tar xf mysql-5.7.36-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz

## 3.创建安装目录
[[email protected] ~]# mkdir /application

## 4.移动到安装目录
[[email protected] ~]# mv mysql-5.7.36-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 /application/

## 5.做软链接
[[email protected] ~]# ln -s /application/mysql-5.7.36-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ /application/mysql

## 6.修改配置文件
[[email protected] ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]

## 7.拷贝脚本
[[email protected] ~]# cd /application/mysql
[[email protected] mysql]# cp support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld

## 8.创建MySQL用户
[[email protected] mysql]# useradd mysql -s /sbin/nologin -M

## 9.初始化
[[email protected] mysql]# mkdir -p tmp
[[email protected] mysql]# cd bin/
### 带密码
[[email protected] bin]# ./mysqld --initialize --user=mysql --basedir=/application/mysql --datadir=/application/mysql/data

### 不带密码
[[email protected] bin]# ./mysqld --initialize-insecure --user=mysql --basedir=/application/mysql --datadir=/application/mysql/data

## 10.替换脚本中的/usr/local为/application
[[email protected] bin]# vim /etc/init.d/mysqld
:%s#/usr/local#/application#g

## 11.授权
[[email protected] bin]# chown mysql:mysql -R /application/mysql-5.7.36-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64

## 12.启动数据库
[[email protected] ~]# /etc/init.d/mysqld start
Starting MySQL.Logging to '/application/mysql-5.7.36-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/data/db04.err'.
 SUCCESS!
 
## 13.添加环境变量
[[email protected] ~]# echo 'PATH="/application/mysql/bin:$PATH"' >> /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh

## 14.加载环境变量
[[email protected] ~]# source /etc/profile

## 15.连接数据库
[[email protected] ~]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:


## 16.修改密码
mysql> alter user [email protected] identified by '123456';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

## 17.退出重新登录
mysql> \q
Bye
[[email protected] mysql-5.7.36]# mysql -uroot -p123456
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 5
Server version: 5.7.36 Source distribution

Copyright (c) 2000, 2021, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> 

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使用systemd管理MySQL

## 编辑配置文件
[[email protected] ~]# vim /usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service
[Unit]
Description=MySQL Server
Documentation=man:mysqld(8)
Documentation=http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/en/using-systemd.html
After=network.target
After=syslog.target
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
[Service]
User=mysql
Group=mysql
ExecStart=/application/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/etc/my.cnf
LimitNOFILE = 5000

## 编辑配置文件
[[email protected] data]# vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
sql_mode=NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES
basedir=/application/mysql/
datadir=/application/mysql/data
~                                

[[email protected] ~]# systemctl start mysqld.service
[[email protected] ~]# netstat -lntup | grep 3306
tcp6       0      0 :::3306                 :::*                    LISTEN      1802/mysqld 

[[email protected] ~]# systemctl stop mysqld.service
[[email protected] ~]# netstat -lntup | grep 3306
[[email protected] ~]# 

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误删除root用户或忘记root密码

 ## 1.停mysql
/etc/init.d/mysqld stop

# 2.跳过授权表，只能本地连接启动数据库
[[email protected] ~]# mysqld_safe --skip-grant-tables --skip-network &

# 3.刷新授权表
mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

# 4.创建root用户
mysql> grant all on *.* to [email protected]'localhost' identified by '123' with grant option;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

# 5.重启mysql
[[email protected] ~]# /etc/init.d/mysqld restart

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