Selenium key knowledge explanation

One 、 Explicit wait and implicit wait ：

1、 Just wait ：

Mandatory waiting , The thread sleeps for a while

time.sleep(3)

2、 An implicit wait ：

Set a waiting time , Polling for （ Default 0.5 second ） Whether the element appears , If the element appears within the waiting time , Then exit and wait , If it does not appear, an exception is thrown

self.driver.implicitly_wait(3)

（1） shortcoming ： Set the global wait , Act on all find_element() Method ;
（2） Find the element and exit , Whether or not the element is loaded into clickable state .

3、 Explicit waiting ：

Define conditions in code , Continue executing code only when a condition occurs .WedDriverWait coordination until() or until_not() Method , Wait according to the judgment conditions .

def findelement(self, loc, wait=10, num=0.5):
    ''' Positioning elements '''
    element = WebDriverWait(self.driver, wait,num).until(EC.presence_of_element_located(loc))
    return element

Program every once in a while （ Default 0.5 second ） Make condition judgment , If the condition holds , Then go to the next step , Otherwise, keep waiting , Until the set maximum waiting time is exceeded .

（1） Be careful ：

• until() or until_not() You need to pass a method name in （ Brackets are not required , Method name only ）, This method must have an input parameter （ May refer to until Source code ）
• expected_conditions A large number of available conditional methods are provided in （ May refer to expected_conditions Source code ）

Two 、web Control positioning and common operations

1、xpath

（1） shortcoming ：

• Slow speed ： Traverse from beginning to end

（1） advantage ：

• It can be used for appnium and selenium

2、css_selector：

• It's using css Selectors , Faster , Use style to locate
• by.Id,by.name,by.tag_name,by.class_name The essence is css_selector

3、Actions

3.1、ActionChains：

perform PC Mouse click on the end , double-click , Right click and drag events ：

3.2、TouchActions：

simulation PC And mobile click , slide , Drag and drop , Multi touch and other gesture operations ;

3、 ... and 、 other

1、 Multi window processing ：

• Gets the handle to the current page ：driver.current_window_handle
• Get the current handle ：driver.window_handles
• Switch to the handle of the desired operation ：driver.switch_to.window()

def switch_window(self,data,type='index',isClose=False):
    ''' Switch windows , According to the index,url,title,handle Switch '''
    to_window=current_window = self.driver.current_window_handle  #  Current window handle 
    windows = self.driver.window_handles  #  All window handles 
    if type=='index' and isinstance(data,int):  #  Switch according to the order of windows 
        to_window=windows[data]
    elif type=='handle':
        to_window = data
    else:
        for handle in windows:
            self.driver.switch_to.window(handle)
            if type == 'url':
                current_url = self.driver.current_url
                if data in current_url:
                    to_window=handle
                    break
            elif type=='title':
                current_title=self.driver.title
                if data in current_title:
                    to_window = handle
                    break
    #  Switch to the desired handle 
    self.driver.switch_to.window(to_window)
    if isClose:
    	#  Close the first handle , Keep only the second handle 
    	self.driver.switch_to.window(current_window)
        self.driver.close()
    return current_window,to_window

2、frame Handle ：

• Switch to frame：switch_to.frame(reference)（reference Is the parameter passed in , Used to locate frame, You can pass in id、name、index as well as selenium Of WebElement object ）
• from frame Switch back to the main document ：driver.switch_to.default_content()
• nesting frame The operation of ：driver.switch_to.parent_frame() （ Congzi frame Cut back to the father frame, If it is already the main document , No effect ）

3、JS To deal with ：

 The treatment method is to use js Show the hidden , The method is as follows ：
js="document.getElementById('li').style.display='block';"
driver.execute_script(js)

1、 Processing of time control ：

4、 Pop up processing mechanism ：

5、 Solve the problem of scanning code for login ：

1、 Reuse existing browsers ：

Will not restart a browser , Reuse browsers that are already running

after , We can run our test code on the launched browser .

2、 By getting the current browser cookie The way

• Take the background management login of enterprise wechat as an example , Use the new browser , Open the login scanning page , Mandatory waiting 10 Seconds to complete the code scanning manually , Scan the code to enter the management background ;
• After logging in , Used in code driver Return to... On the current page cookies value , And save for json file ;

• Subsequent test cases , You can use the newly saved cookie, Add in driver Then you can