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高斯白噪声(white Gaussian noise,WGN)
2022-06-11 05:01:00 【贵在坚持,不忘初心】
本文科普一下高斯白噪声(white Gaussian noise,WGN)。
百度百科上解释为“高斯白噪声,幅度分布服从高斯分布,功率谱密度服从均匀分布”,听起来有些晦涩难懂,下面结合例子通俗而详细地介绍一下。
白噪声,如同白光一样,是所有颜色的光叠加而成,不同颜色的光本质区别是的它们的频率各不相同(如红色光波长长而频率低,相应的,紫色光波长短而频率高)。白噪声在功率谱上(若以频率为横轴,信号幅度的平方为功率)趋近为常值,即噪声频率丰富,在整个频谱上都有成分,即从低频到高频,低频指的是信号不变或缓慢变化,高频指的是信号突变。
由傅里叶变换性质可知,时域有限,频域无限;频域有限,时域无限。那么频域无限的信号变换到时域上,对应于冲击函数的整数倍(由公式也可推得:)。即说明在时间轴的某点上,噪声孤立,与其它点的噪声无关,也就是说,该点噪声幅值可以任意,不受前后点噪声幅值影响。简而言之,任意时刻出现的噪声幅值都是随机的(这句话实际上说的就是功率谱密度服从均与分布的意思,不同的是,前者从时域角度描述,而后者是从频域角度描述)。这里要指出功率谱密度(Power Spectral Density,PSD)的概念,它从频域角度出发,定义了信号的功率是如何随频率分布的,即以频率为横轴,功率为纵轴。
既然白噪声信号是“随机”的,那么反过来,什么叫做“相关”呢?顾名思义,相关就是某一时刻的噪声点不孤立,和其它时刻的噪声幅值有关。其实相关的情况有很多种,比如此时刻的噪声幅值比上一时刻的大,而下一时刻的噪声幅值比此时刻的还大,即信号的幅值在时间轴上按从小到大的顺序排列。除此之外,幅值从大到小,或幅值一大一小等都叫做“相关”,而非“随机”的。
解释完了“白噪声”,再来谈谈“高斯分布”。高斯分布,又名正态分布(normal distribution)。概率密度函数曲线的形状又两个参数决定:平均值和方差。简单来说,平均值决定曲线对称中线,方差决定曲线的胖瘦,即贴近中线的程度。概率密度定义了信号出现的频率是如何随着其幅值变化的,即以信号幅值为横轴,以出现的频率为纵轴。因此,从概率密度角度来说,高斯白噪声的幅度分布服从高斯分布
描述了“白噪声”和“高斯噪声”两个含义,那么,回到文章开头的解释:高斯白噪声,幅度分布服从高斯分布,功率谱密度服从均匀分布。它的意义就很明确了,上半句是从空域(幅值)角度描述“高斯噪声”,而下半句是从频域角度描述“白噪声”。
下面以matlab程序演示,感性认识一下高斯白噪声。
程序1(高斯白噪声):


由上图可以看出,高斯白噪声的功率谱密度服从均匀分布。
若对噪声进行由小到大排序,则使其从随机噪声变为相关噪声,则功率谱密度就不再是均匀分布了。
程序2(非高斯白噪声):


下面让我们从高斯白噪声的统计信息和幅值分布看一下它的特点。
程序3(高斯白噪声):


直方图的纵轴为频次,而概率密度的纵轴为频率,但是两者大致的分布曲线确是一样的,因此,这幅图解释了高斯白噪声的幅度分布服从高斯分布。
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