Starkware: to build ZK "universe"

StarkWare： To construct ZK“ The universe ”

summary

StarkWare Is a ZK company , Focus on building large-scale Ethereum based on ZK Of rollup Solution . Their first product StarkEx On 2020 Launched in 2013 , And in 2021 year 11 In September, it released StarkNet.

StarkEx It's an independent ZK-rollup SaaS product , Provide specific use cases for some applications through smart contracts , Such as trading (dYdX)、NFT (ImmutableX, Sorare) and DeFi (DiversiFi).StarkNet Next iteration , Is a no permission 、 Decentralized and completely composable Networks . Composability refers to the interconnection of applications 、 The ability to coordinate and build on each other .

technology

StarkWare Built a new technology , Compress thousands of transactions into one called STARK Single validity proof of , And submit it to Ethereum L1. And SNARK comparison ,STARK There are two main advantages ：

• It does not require initial trust settings .
• Comparable ratio SNARK Faster computing time . Because less computation is required , It can improve the scalability of Ethereum by several orders of magnitude .

Architecture

StarkWare The stack is mainly shared by certifiers (SHARP) And the verifier ( Exist in L1 On ) form .SHARP Bundled from different dapp Multiple transactions , And generate a proof . Then it and L1 Verifiers on share certificates . This saves costs , Because computing is shared between different applications . The verifier checks SHARP Whether the certificate is valid . If yes , Then they will be in Fact Registry share . The application can work with StarkEx Interface or directly with SHARP (StarkNet Applications ) Connect .

StarkNet Of L2 node ( Sequencer ) Every transaction will be executed , And regularly update the status to Ethereum main network . It should be noted that ,StarkNet The finality of the transaction with L1 binding , It means L2 Nodes must be verified at the same time StarkNet And etheric fang .StarkNet A solution involving Ethereum main network checkpoints is introduced , Make it very fast in rollup End to achieve effective termination . therefore , all L2 Each node contains a L1 Full nodes .

Besides , Because the state transition is controlled by the sequencer “STARK-approved” Of , In terms of encryption , Fraudulent transactions cannot be accepted on Ethereum main network . This eliminates the existence of OR Medium “ Challenge ” The necessity of cycle . All reconstruction StarkNet The complete data required for the status is published on the chain .

Data availability

StarkNet Use Validium Mechanism to achieve data availability . It is associated with ZK-rollup Almost the same , It just keeps the data down the chain , and ZK-rollup and Optimistic Rollup (OR) Keep data on the chain .Validium Only in L1 Release the validity certificate on , At the same time, keep the data off the chain . This makes Validium It can achieve quite high throughput , And reduce the cost of each transaction .

The cost of storing data off the chain is , It requires trust in third parties , This may prevent users from accessing their balances .StarkWare The goal of is through the data availability committee (DAC) Solve this problem , The committee consists of 8 Independent members , They have a copy of the transaction . They also need to maintain data by making it available at all times . If operators prevent users from using their funds , Committee members will confirm whether their request is valid .

StarkWare It is also planned to implement a Volition Mechanism , Users can choose whether to send data on the chain . It shifts data availability decisions from the application level to the user level , Even for a single transaction . If the user wants to send a high value containing all the data on the chain NFT, They can pay extra costs to transfer it to the chain . This will go through ImmutableX and Sorare To achieve .

Cairo programing language

New technology brings new requirements .Cairo It's for STARK A Turing complete programming language . It is better in performance and scalability , But this is very new . Many developers are not familiar with it , This makes it difficult for existing applications to migrate to StarkNet On . from Nethermind Developed Warp yes Cairo transpiler Of EVM.Warp Allows you to Solidity The contract is seamlessly converted into Cairo.

Cairo A breakthrough in language is , It allows only one verifier to use a certificate to confirm the integrity of the execution of many different programs .

StarkNet Vs OR

And OR Of 7 Compared with waiting time ,StarkNet Not only is there a faster cash out window , And the underlying architecture is also different .StarkNet It uses “ No state ”, You just need to L1 Store the state root of the entire state on , Users need to provide Merkle Proof to access specific status items .OR Follow a “ A stateful ” Solutions for , Each of these status items is recorded on the chain . This will lead to greater state expansion , And may prove not to be well extended when it is adopted in the future .

From the perspective of scalability ,ZK - rollup Than OR Better performance , Because they compress data more effectively , This means submitting to L1 when , Their “ Batch size ” smaller .OR Every transaction of will release data to Ethereum L1 On , StarkEx Only released to Ethereum L1 To reflect the balance of each account . Because of this method ,dYdX And L1 The interaction of is only Optimism Of 20%, It is equivalent to a decrease of about 90% The cost of .

The ecological system

StarkWare Ecosystems are growing . With in StarkNet No permission is required for the above deployment , Many developers have shown interest .StarkEx The open ecosystem and rich documentation make it easy for developers to implement it . stay StarkNet on DeFi Pooling it is possible that . It allows users to L2 There is , and DeFI Still in its birth L1 On , Many exciting things are being built .StarkNet There have been many games and NFT The game project .

StarkNet Will follow with Optimism A similar route ： With a sequencer and finite dapp The white list starts the network as soon as possible , To control start-up and limit risks . Final ,StarkWare We hope to develop the ecosystem into a StarkNet“ The universe ”, At the same time, the network 、 Decentralization of nodes and infrastructure . Multiple L3 Will be in L2 above . Besides , Additional layers (L4 etc. ) It can be built on L3 Fractal layered solution on .

Conclusion

StarkNet It seems to solve the three dilemmas of blockchain ： Extensibility 、 Decentralization and security ; The three can happen at the same time . It shows the use of ZK -rollup Expand the prospects of Ethereum . Ethereum has embraced one with rollup The future centered around , The user is in L2 Trade on ,L1 As the settlement layer .EIP-4488 Will further reduce rollup The transaction cost of . With a lot of support StarkNet It seems to be a powerful L2 Future competitors , because Cairo Is a new language that is not very popular with developers ,StarkWare How many talents can be attracted remains to be seen . about Validium, We must trust L2 Data availability for . Despite these challenges ,StarkWare It has been shown how to use STARK Provide effective solutions to expand Ethereum . This is a project worth looking forward to .

Source：https://medium.com/coinmonks/starkware-building-zero-knowledge-scaling-solution-c0b930faab6a

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