Automated testing selenium foundation -- webdriverapi

Preface

After reading this article, you can harvest god horse ？ You can let the computer automatically complete a series of things you want to do , such as ： Search the browser for some knowledge you want to know , Go online to find a song you want to listen to , you 're right , You don't have to operate it , It can be done by itself .

Catalog

【1】 A simple automated script

【2】 Positioning of elements

【1】id location

【2】tag name and class name location

【3】link text and partial link text location

【4】css selector location

【5】XPath location

【3】 Operate the test object

【4】 Add wait

（1）sleep wait for

（2） An implicit wait （ Intelligent waiting ）

【5】 Information printing

【6】 The operation of the browser

【7】 Keyboard events

【1】 Keyboard keys

【2】 Keyboard combination

【8】 Mouse events

【9】 Positioning of complex elements

（1） Locate a set of elements

（2） Multilayer frame positioning

（3） Hierarchical positioning

 （4） Drop down box positioning

【10】 Handling of special cases

（1）alert Handling of pop-up frames

（2）div Block processing

（3） Upload files

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【1】 A simple automated script

Open Google browser , Enter Baidu search page to search for keywords “ Nanshan south ”, Finally, exit the browser .

# coding = utf-8
from selenium import webdriver
import time
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
time.sleep(3)
browser.get("http://www.baidu.com")
time.sleep(3)
browser.find_element_by_id("kw").send_keys(" Nanshan south ")
time.sleep(3)
browser.find_element_by_id("su").click()
browser.quit()

Script parsing ：

• coding=utf-8： Set the encoding format , Prevent confusion code , Editor default utf-8, No need to set ;
• from selenium import webdriver： Import webdriver tool kit , In this way, relevant API;
• browser=webdriver.Chrome()： Get the driver of the controlled browser , Here for Chrome browser , You can also get other browsers , The corresponding browser driver must be installed ;
• browser.find_element_by_id("kw").send_keys(" Nanshan south ")： By element id Locate the element you want to operate , And input the corresponding text content ;
• browser.find_element_by_id("su").click()： adopt id Navigate to element , And click ;
• browser.quit()： Exit and close the window .

quit() and close() The difference between ：

• colse() Just close the window of the current browser ;
• quit() Method not only closes the window , And I'm going to quit completely webdriver, Release and driverserver Connection between .

【2】 Positioning of elements

Object positioning is the core of automated testing , Want to manipulate an object , First, you need to identify this object , We can go through id Wait for attributes to find elements , The uniqueness of this attribute on the page must be guaranteed . There are several common object location methods ：

• id
• name
• classname
• link text
• partial link text
• tag name
• xpath
• css selector

【1】id location

id Is the attribute of the page element ,, Is the most commonly used method of element location , But not all elements have id. Generally, it can be used id To uniquely locate this element .

Such as , adopt Chrome Browser's F12, You can find the attribute information of Baidu input box ：

<input id="kw" name="wd" class="s_ipt" value=" Baidu " maxlength="255" autocomplete="off">

【2】tag name and class name location

From the attribute information above , You can see , Not just id and name attribute , It's up to you class and tagname（ Tag name ）：

• input The label can go through find_element_by_tag_name("input") Function to locate ;;
• class="s_ipt" Can pass find_element_by_class_name("s_ipt") Function positioning Baidu input box ..

We need to pay attention to , Not all elements can be located in these two ways , You must ensure that these two attributes of the element are unique on the page .

【3】link text and partial link text location

• link text： Locate a text link , You can locate it by the content of the link , Of course, the linked content must be unique on the current page ;
• partial link text： Locate by partial connection , You can match only part of the text of the link .

【4】css selector location

Can pass css The selector in locates the elements of the page .

adopt cee Of id Selector to locate the element ：

browser.find_element_by_css_selector("#kw").send_keys(" Joker Xue ")
browser.find_element_by_css_selector("#su").click()

【5】XPath location

You can locate any element in the page .

Fetch element XPath：

First, right-click the element to enter the inspection page

【3】 Operate the test object

After positioning to the element , You need to operate on the positioned element .webdriver Common methods of manipulating objects in ：

• click： Click on the object ;
• send_keys： Simulate key input on an object
• clear： Clear the text content of the object input ;
• submit： Submit Form ;
• text： Used to get the text information of the element .

【4】 Add wait

（1）sleep wait for

Attract people time package , call sleep Method to make it sleep for a fixed period of time .

from selenium import  webdriver
import time
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get("http://www.baidu.com")
time.sleep(2)
browser.find_element_by_css_selector("#kw").send_keys(" Joker Xue ")
browser.find_element_by_css_selector("#su").click()
# Search Jacky Xue , wait for 5 Seconds later, click Baidu Encyclopedia 
time.sleep(5)
browser.find_element_by_link_text(" Baidu Encyclopedia ").click()
time.sleep(5)
browser.quit()

【 We need to pay attention to 】

The above code , If you remove this fixed sleep time , There will be the following mistakes ：

  Link text not found “ Baidu Encyclopedia ”, Because the search page has not been loaded after clicking , Cannot locate element .

（2） An implicit wait （ Intelligent waiting ）

We found that , If you set sleep Wait for , It may take a lot of time , So you can add implicitly_wait(time) Method can easily realize intelligent waiting . Choose a time range to wait intelligently .

【 working principle 】

Implicit waiting is not a fixed waiting time . When the script executes the positioning of an element , If the element can be positioned , Then continue ; If the element cannot be located , Then it continuously determines whether the element is located in the way of polling , Until the set duration is exceeded .

【5】 Information printing

Print page title and url：

from selenium import  webdriver
import time
browser = webdriver.Chrome()
browser.get("http://www.baidu.com")
title=browser.title
print(title)
url=browser.current_url
print(url)

【6】 The operation of the browser

1. Browser maximization ： Invoking the launched browser is not full screen , Sometimes it will affect us to watch the script run , Use maximize_window() Method to maximize the window ;
2. Set the width and height of the browser ：set_window_size(width,high)
3. Operate the browser forward and backward ：
   【1】 Forward ：forward()
   【2】 back off ：back()
4. Control the browser scroll bar ： The control of the scroll bar of the browser depends on js Script
   【1】 Slide the browser scroll bar to the top ：

   #  The distance from the top is set to zero 
   driver.documentElement.scrollTop=0

   【2】 Slide the browser scroll bar to the bottom ：

   js="var q=document.documentElement.scrollTop=10000"
   # excute_script() In the current window / The framework executes synchronously js
   driver.excute_script(js)

【7】 Keyboard events

【1】 Keyboard keys

All keyboard operations , It must be based on positioning to elements （ Element based operations ）. Use the keyboard keys , Need to introduce keys package ：

from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys

adopt send_keys() Method call key ：

send_keys(Keys.TAB) # TAB
send_keys(Keys.ENTER) #  enter 
send_keys(Keys.SPACE) # Space bar 
send_keys(Keys.ESCAPE) # backspace key （Esc）

【2】 Keyboard combination

send_keys(Keys.CONTROL,'a') # Future generations （Ctrl+A）
send_keys(Keys.CONTROL,'c') # Copy （Ctrl+C）
send_keys(Keys.CONTROL,'x') # Clip （Ctrl+X）
send_keys(Keys.CONTROL,'v') # Paste （Ctrl+V）

【8】 Mouse events

Need to import toolkit ActionChains：

from selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import ActionChains

ActionChains class

Method name	explain
context_click()	Right mouse click
double_ click()	double-click
drag_and_drop()	Drag the
move_to_element()	Move

【9】 Positioning of complex elements

（1） Locate a set of elements

webdriver It's easy to use findElement Method to locate a specific object , But sometimes we need to locate a group of objects , Need to use findElements Method ：

• Batch operation objects , Put all on the page checkbox All hooked
• Get a set of elements first , Then filter out some objects that need to be located in this group of objects .

example ： Check all on the page checkbox

from selenium import webdriver
import time
import os
driver=webdriver.Chrome()
# html File path 
path='file:///'+os.path.abspath('C:\\Users\\Lenovo\\Desktop\\selenium2html\\checkbox.html')
driver.get(path)
#  Select all on the page input. Then filter out checkbox And check the 
checkboxs=driver.find_elements_by_tag_name('input')
for checkbox in checkboxs:
    if checkbox.get_attribute('type')=='checkbox':
        checkbox.click()
time.sleep(5)
driver.quit()

（2） Multilayer frame positioning

Solve the positioning of page elements on different layer frames ：

• If you want to locate elements in a hierarchical framework , You must jump to this framework level first , Before positioning ;
• If you want to locate a certain level , You must jump from the default page .

• Navigate to a level ：switch_to.frame(id) adopt frame Of id And other attributes to locate the framework , Switch the currently positioned subject to frame in ;
• switch_to.default_content()： from frame Jump out of the page embedded in , Jump back to the outermost default page .

（3） Hierarchical positioning

Sometimes the elements we need to locate are not directly displayed on the page , You need to perform a series of operations on the page elements before they are displayed , At this time, we need to position layer by layer .（ Operate through mouse events ）

example ： Open local html, Click on link1 Then navigate to one of the columns to highlight it .

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import ActionChains
import time
import os
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
path = 'file:///'+os.path.abspath('C:\\Users\\Lenovo\\Desktop\\selenium2html\\level_locate.html')
driver.get(path)
#  Locate the link1, Click on 
driver.find_element_by_link_text('Link1').click()
driver.implicitly_wait(5)
#  location Something else here
element = driver.find_element_by_link_text('Something else here')
#  Move the mouse to Something else here , Highlight 
ActionChains(driver).move_to_element(element).perform()
time.sleep(4)
driver.quit()

 （4） Drop down box positioning

For general elements , We only need to position once , But the contents of the drop-down box need to be positioned twice , First navigate to the drop-down box and operate on the drop-down box , Options in the navigate to drop-down box ：

• Use it directly xpath To locate
• First locate a group of elements , Then filter according to the attributes of the element , Then carry out the specific operation ;
• First locate a group of elements , Then locate by array subscript

example ： Select a specified option in the drop-down box .

driver=webdriver.Chrome()
path='file:///'+os.path.abspath('C:\\Users\\Lenovo\\Desktop\\selenium2html\\drop_down.html')
driver.get(path)
time.sleep(2)
#  Go to the drop-down box 
driver.find_element_by_id('ShippingMethod').click()
time.sleep(2)
#  Navigate to... According to the options in the drop-down box value The value is equal to 8.34 The option to 
elements=driver.find_elements_by_tag_name('option')
for element in elements:
    if element.get_attribute('value')=='8.34':
        element.click()
time.sleep(4)
driver.quit()

【10】 Handling of special cases

（1）alert Handling of pop-up frames

• Locate the pop-up box / Get the operation handle of the pop-up box ：switch_to.alert;
• Close the pop box ：accept();
• alert Input information in the pop-up box ：send_keys()

example ： Navigate to the click button , Jump out of the bullet box , Enter the content in the pop-up box , Close the pop box

from selenium import webdriver
import time
import os
driver=webdriver.Chrome()
path='file:///'+os.path.abspath('C:\\Users\\Lenovo\\Desktop\\selenium2html\\send.html')
driver.get(path)
#  Positioning elements , Click on , A pop-up box appears 
driver.find_element_by_tag_name("input").click()
time.sleep(4)
#  Locate the pop-up box 
alert=driver.switch_to.alert
#  Enter information in the pop-up box 
alert.send_keys(" Big bald ")
time.sleep(2)
#  Close the pop box 
alert.accept()
time.sleep(5)
driver.quit()

（2）div Block processing

If there are many elements on the page , When you cannot accurately locate this element by using its attributes , We can locate the element first div block , Then locate this element .

• First of all, I'll go to div modular ;
• Then go to find the elements that need to be located accurately .

（3） Upload files

Uploading files usually requires opening a local window , Select local file add from the window . We need to consider how to add uploaded files ： Navigate to the upload button , adopt send_keys Just add the local file path .（ Both absolute and relative paths are OK ）

Why can't some page elements of third-party websites be located ？

For security reasons , Prevent some people from using automated scripts to crack passwords . Every time you open a web page, the elements in the web page id Properties will be different , Cannot operate with automated scripts .