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高数_第1章空间解析几何与向量代数_向量的数量积
2022-07-07 07:21:00 【ximanni18】
一 数量积的定义:
给定两个向量 α 和 β, 定义它们的数量积为
α·β = |α|· |β| cosφ , 其中 φ 是 此两个向量的夹角。
两个向量的数量积是数量。
定理2 向量垂直与数量积的关系
向量 α 与 β 相互垂直的充分必要条件是 α·β=0. 规定零向理与任何向量垂直。
二 数量积的坐标表示
因为向量i, j, k都是单位向量,且相互垂直, 容易得出 i·i = 1, j·j = 1, k·k=1.
设向量α = {a₁ , a₂ , a₃}, β ={b₁, b₂ , b₃},
α · β = a₁b₁ + a₂b₂ + a₃ b₃. 这就是数量积的坐标表示。
由定理2可知, α 与 β相互垂直的充分必要条件是 a₁b₁ + a₂b₂ + a₃ b₃ = 0.
通过数量积的坐标表示, 可以推出两个向量夹角的余弦的坐标表示。设α 与 β之间的夹角为φ,由数量积的定义和坐标表示各得出

三 例题

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