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3GPP信道模型路损基础知识
2022-07-06 22:15:00 【LinkEverything】
关于信道模型的一些主要的缩略词:
LOS:Line Of Sight
NLOS:Non-LOS
O2I:Outdoor-to-Indoor
O2O:Outdoor-to-Outdoor
RMa:Rural Macro
SCM:Spatial Channel Model
SSCM:Statistical Spatial Channel Model
UMa:Urban Macro
UMi:Urban Micro
InF:Indoor Factory
InH:Indoor Hotspot
IRR:Infrared Reflecting
ISD:Intersite Distance
关于信道模型的典型场景:
- UMi (Street canyon, open area) with O2O and O2I: 基站在建筑物顶上, 周围是空旷区域(宽度在50米到100米左右)。发射端高度10米,接收端高度1.5至2.5米,站间距200米。(Tx height:10m, Rx height: 1.5-2.5 m, ISD: 200m)
- UMa with O2O and O2I:与前面UMi类似,区别在于发射端高度和站间距。(Tx height:25m, Rx height: 1.5-2.5 m, ISD: 500m)。可以看到UMa属于覆盖范围更大的场景。
- Indoor:室内覆盖场景,比如办公室和商场。基站部署在屋顶,发射端高度在2到3米,接收端高度1.5米,基站覆盖范围约500平米。(Tx height: 2-3m, Rx height: 1.5m, area: 500)
关于信道模型的路损计算:
信道模型给出终端在距离基站不同位置的路损值。其中,如果终端与基站之间无遮挡,就需要使用LOS模型。如果终端与基站之间存在遮挡,就使用NLOS模型。如果终端处于室内,并且接入的是室外的宏站,则还需要考虑O2I的穿透损耗。
在TR38.901 图7.4.1中,对基站与终端的各自高度以及基站与终端的距离做了定义。
以UMa场景为例,TR38.901 Table 7.4.1-1中,所给出的Pathloss计算公式为:
从上面公式中可以看到,在UMa LOS场景下,Pathloss与基站高度、终端高度、载波频率、终端与基站之间的距离相关。
如果终端处于室内,在接入室外宏站时,信道模型还需要考虑O2I的穿透损耗。
TR 38.901中公式7.4-2给出了O2I场景下的Pathloss计算方法。
其中,
PLb是前面所介绍的基本路损;
PLtw是墙体的穿透损耗;
PLin是穿过墙体之后的路损;
TR 38.901中公式7.4-3给出了PLtw的计算方法:
其中,
PLnpi是一个额外增加的考虑到非垂直入射角的损耗,为一个固定值;
Pi是不同材料的成本占比;
Lmaterial_i是材料的穿透损耗参数;
从上面的公式可以看出,穿透损耗与材料材质强相关。在TR 38.901 Table 7.4.3-1中,给出了不同材料的损耗参数。其中,有红外反射材质的玻璃的穿透损耗最大。
TR38.901 Table7.4.3-2中,给出了一个例子,对于低路损场景,可以看到是属于水泥占比较多墙体。对于高路损场景,则是有红外反射玻璃占比较多的墙体。
上述内容只是初步介绍了信道模型路损计算的基础,详细内容可以深入参考3GPP TR 38.901。
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