5. Wireless in vivo nano network: top ten "feasible?" problem

\qquad For in vivo Nanonets , I pursued it for half a year before I realized ： The technology of the elite has already exceeded my imagination . The possibility of such a network , I was basically skeptical at first , Think many of them are science fiction 、 exaggerated , The reason is that at that time, based on my own scientific and technological knowledge , Intuitively feel that there are many insurmountable obstacles to achieve it .

\qquad So , I will be in the first II In this section, I listed the top ten ideas I had about this kind of network “ Is it feasible? ？” doubt . They are the first level , The closest thing to popular science and common sense . The second part of this paper is III Section will give a preliminary understanding of them . To illustrate that the problems listed are not arbitrary and irrelevant , This article begins with I In this section, the formation process of wireless in vivo nanosensor networks and their functions after formation are briefly introduced .

\qquad Before entering the text , Explain the following two points ：

• First of all , In this paper, the in vivo nanomesh refers specifically to the formation of The nanomesh inside the body of every human individual , The full name is wireless in vivo nano sensor network . It can be considered that the Nanonets formed in different individuals are independent of each other .

• second , Although in vivo Nanonets can be applied in many specific fields , such as ： Medical health monitoring 、 Epidemic control 、 Financial transaction system 、 Integrated information management 、 wait , But when this article discusses Nanonets in vivo , The main concern is Their general properties 、 form 、 And whether the architecture is feasible in principle and Technology .

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I、 The formation and function of Nanonets in the body

A. Formation and maintenance of Nanonets in the body ^[1]

• In vivo Nanonets are networks formed and maintained in tissues and circulatory systems in the body .
• It is through external muscles / Intravenous injection 、 Swallowing, etc （ Later collectively referred to as Inject ） Make some specific ingredients enter the body , Formed after a period of time .
• Forming and maintaining it may require multiple injections or periodic injections , The composition of each injection may also be different .
• Forming and maintaining it may need to be controlled by wireless electromagnetic signals from external devices .
• Its objects and elements （ Components ） It can be assembled and injected , It can also be physics after injection - chemical - biological 、 When the environmental conditions are appropriate Self assembly Of .
• Its objects and elements can be formed in the designated parts of the body according to the pre Planning , The position can be fixed , It can also be active .
• This article ignores the situation of implanting chips into the body as objects and elements , It also ignores the formation and maintenance of Nanonets in the body in any other way .

chart 1. The nano network formed in the body by injection is connected to the Internet of things （ The picture is from the literature [1]）

B. The structure and function of Nanonets in vivo ^[1],[2],[7]

• In vivo Nanonets are composed of many components in a distributed manner , The component size is Between several nanometers and tens of microns , Can pass the pulse 、 electromagnetic wave 、 And signals in the form of electric fields , Can also be in Molecular lineage Run in .
• Components can perform simple tasks , Such as sensing 、 Calculation 、 data storage 、 Or drive .
• Communication between components , That is, information transmission , The ability to extend a single component in terms of complexity and scope of operation .
• In vivo Nanonets can pass （ Inside ） The nano interface is connected to the Internet of things for two-way data exchange , It also allows external devices to program themselves through nano interfaces 、 to update 、 Or upgrade .

chart 2. Through wireless nano sensor network (WNSN) Provide biology for in vivo application / Nano IOT interconnection . Be careful , Among them, nano sensors distributed throughout the body and graphene quantum dots found in the blood detection of immune injectors GQD The distribution of is quite consistent .（ The picture is from the literature [7]）

II、 top ten “ Is it feasible? ？” problem ^[1]-[12]

\qquad This section focuses on the above-mentioned in vivo Nanonets , List the following about its principle and technology in order from general to special “ Is it feasible? ？” problem .

1. Form and maintain ： From drug injection to the formation of Nanonets in the body - turn - What is the biological mechanism ？ Form and maintain it why （ Probably ） It takes many times and / Or inject regularly ？
2. The goal is - Position targeting ： How to form a component in a specified part of the body according to a predetermined plan ？ With the so-called goal - Location targeting and organization - Is there any correlation between cell specificity ？
3. Self assembly technology ： Can components up to tens of microns be assembled and injected into the body ？ If not , How to assemble them with smaller components that have been formed in the body ？ Principle and technology of component self-assembly ？ Do you need external equipment and signal assistance ？ How to assist ？
4. Energy collection ： Where does the energy for running the nano network in the body come from ？ How to provide energy so that it can run continuously ？ Do you need external equipment and wireless signal intervention ？ How to intervene ？
5. THz Band signal ： Why do we need to use electromagnetic communication of Nanonets in vivo THz Band signal ？THz Is the signal harmful to human body ？ How to reduce damage ？
6. Channel dielectric properties ： In some examples of electromagnetic signal transmission channels of in vivo Nanonets , It is found that a large number of graphene quantum dots are uniformly distributed , What are their functions ？ Is it harmful to human body ？
7. Human skin barrier ：THz The signal is difficult to break through the human skin barrier , So how does the in vivo nano network conduct two-way signal communication with the external Internet of things ？ How to realize it through the nano interface of the nano network in the body ？
8. Nano computing and nano components ： The principle and framework of nano Computing ？ How to produce graphene based nano components THz The signal 、 Realize signal transceiver and nano antenna ？
9. Clock like pulse ： How to continuously generate class clocks to support component work and generation THz Communication signals ？ Do you need external equipment and signal assistance ？ How to assist ？
10. Molecular computing and molecular communication ： What role do molecular computing and molecular communication play in the formation and operation of Nanonets in vivo ？

III、 A preliminary understanding of these issues

\qquad About these “ Is it feasible? ？” problem , The following general understanding can be given ：

1. There are no insurmountable obstacles in principle and technology to explain and solve these problems ;
2. The nano involved 、 The Internet 、 Biomedicine and their Trinity , near 20 Over the years, it has made rapid progress and nearly mature progress ;
3. For what I imagined the nano network in the body intended to achieve “ ultimate ” The goal is , Although technically “ feasible ”, But it will take time to really realize , It is estimated that it will take several generations of dedication .

The following sections will give preliminary answers to each specific question , The pictures given here are only evidence of the existence of the corresponding technology .

A. About the problem 1~2 ^[3],[4]

\qquad Here it is , Present yourself to the problem 1~2 Some preliminary understandings of are summarized as follows .

• problem 1 It belongs to the study of pharmacokinetics . The process from drug injection to the formation of Nanonets in the body basically corresponds to the absorption and distribution of drugs in the body . Because a complete in vivo nanonet may be designed as Form in stages , And the injected ingredients are usually due to Metabolism and excretion And be partially or completely eliminated , So many times and / Or regular injection is inevitable . As for the matter in question - turn - Questions about biological mechanisms , It can be considered that ： There are a large number of such mechanisms in the body that can be used to form a single nano component or even the entire nano network .
• problem 2 It also belongs to pharmacokinetics , But the exclusive drug delivery system . Nano drug delivery system is relatively new but develops rapidly , Its goal is to deliver nanoscale materials to specific targets as diagnostic tools , or Deliver drugs to specific targets in a controlled manner . The controlled mode includes fixed point and orientation , That's the problem 2 What we say The goal is - Position targeting , The realization of the controlled way is, of course, largely related to the organization - cells - Molecular specificity is related to selectivity .

chart 3. Classic nano drug delivery system , Include ：(A) Liposomes (liposome),(B) Polymer micelles (polymeric micelle),( C ) Nanospheres (nanosphere),(D) Nanocapsule (nanocapsule),(E) O/W Nano lotion (O/W nanoemulsion),(F) W/O Rice lotion (W/O nanoemulsion),(G) Nano gel (nogel), as well as (H) Inorganic / Organic （ nucleus / shell ） Nanoparticles [inorganic/organic (core/shell) nanoparticle (NP)] （ The picture is from the literature [3]）

B. About the problem 3 ^[5]-[9]

\qquad About the problems related to self-assembly technology in vivo Nanonets , My initial understanding is ：

• In vivo Nanonets are interconnected by hundreds or even thousands of nano components , The size of autonomous and complex nano devices can reach several microns to tens of microns , For such a large device , It is more suitable to assemble with smaller components injected or formed in the body .
• If the individual's body is regarded as an independent system , Multiple components are assembled inside , In principle and Technology , It does not have to rely on the assistance of external equipment and signals . They gather on their own 、 The rules or evolution rules of organizing into target devices , They can be designed with auxiliary tools before they are injected into the body . therefore , Looking from the outside , The formed devices are self-assembled .
• however , If you want to from the outside Control the self-assembly process , Nature must have external assistance . in addition , in order to Judge self-assembly Whether the structures and products formed in different stages of the process meet the expectations , It also needs some external assistance .

\qquad It is not the goal of this column to describe in depth the self-assembly technology used in in vivo Nanonets , It's beyond my ability . For this technology , What I want to emphasize is ： up to now , nanometer - Molecular scale component self-assembly technology has been widely and successfully applied , Especially in the field of electronic industry and biomedicine , Although there is still a lot of room for its development .

chart 4. Quantum cellular automata unit formed by self-assembly (QCA cells) Graphene quantum dot circuit in (GQD circuit)（ The picture is from the literature [9]）

C. About the problem 4 ^[10],[11]

\qquad about “ Operate the energy collection of the nano network in the body ” problem , Basically , There are two solutions ： Nano battery and Energy harvesting . For permanent in vivo Nanonets , The preferred solution is of course the second , Its goal is to collect and store the energy endowed by the external environment and provided by the life activities in the body , For nano devices . However , Optimizing energy consumption is a major challenge . in fact , In such a network , The amount of data collected from nano devices is very large , And most of the energy of nano devices is consumed in data packet transmission , Therefore, energy-efficient routing protocols play an important role in optimizing energy consumption and improving network performance .

\qquad A further description of this issue can be found in the article posted in this column “ Wireless nano sensor networks and nano IOT Networks ： background 、 framework 、 features ” Medium “ Energy supply system ” Section . As for the technical details of designing and implementing the energy supply system, please refer to the literature discussed in more depth .

chart 5. Different nano sensors distributed around and inside the body for collecting and exchanging data , they Equipped with the ability to collect EM- Nano rectification antenna of energy .（ The picture is from the literature [10]）

D. About the problem 5~7 ^[5]

\qquad About the problem 5~7 Most of the questions in , Articles posted earlier in this column “ Wireless in vivo nano network ： Electromagnetic propagation model and key points of sensor deployment ” Both have been answered , Of course, some answers are general , for example ： About “ How to break through the human skin barrier through the nano interface of the nano network in the body ？”. Some of these questions involve the harm of signals and materials to the human body , This article also touches on , But they are all skimming . Friends who are really interested in this , We will definitely get the answers we need through our further exploration .

chart 6. When electromagnetic waves contain 1% When water vapor molecules propagate in the standard medium , Total path loss as a function of frequency and distance (dB)（ The picture is from the literature [5]）

E. About the problem 8~9 ^[1],[6],[9]

\qquad problem 8~9 The questions in involve nano Computing 、 Nano module 、 And clock like pulse generation . Without a clear description, they cannot convincingly recognize the capabilities of nanocomponents and the in vivo Nanonets they build . By the way , Some of these problems have bothered me since the early days of exploration , for example ： How to generate clock pulses for nano components in the body ？ Need outside help ？ in addition , These problems are related , Suitable for discussion together . however , Although there are many materials and literatures , But it is not easy to obtain their concise induction and clear description , I hope I have the ability and time to finish it in the future , Of course, the goal is still just to solve doubts .

chart 7. A nano sensor with communication capability （ The picture is from the literature [11]）

F. About the problem 10 ^[1],[6],[12]

\qquad About the role of molecular computing and molecular communication in the formation and operation of Nanonets in vivo , My basic understanding is that they can be used in any type of application example of in vivo Nanonets It plays a universal and important role . Here are a few examples ：

• Can be applied DNA- Self assembly technology （ A molecular computing technology ） Form nano components ;
• You can use tissues in the body - Cell specificity transports some components to specific targets and self-assembly ;
• Molecular motors and biosensors can be designed for molecular communication or transportation of drugs and components to specific locations ;
• Carbon nanotubes can be used to transmit electrical signals triggered by molecular activities in surrounding brain tissue , To get real-time images of individual brain activity ;
• Graphene quantum dots injected into the circulatory system in the body can be used to adsorb and transport proteins , When it passes near a biosensor , There will be a potential difference , So as to produce a signal that can be explained .

I hope I can further explore some of them in the future .

chart 8. Molecular motors move along the cytoskeleton , Away from the cell body , Move towards the end of dendrites . However , Because of their random behavior , They can also move in the opposite direction . Molecular communication is used to abstract the propagation of molecular motors on the cytoskeleton into a communication network .（ The picture is from the literature [12]）

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reference

[1] Turing_321,“ Wireless in vivo nano network ： Graphic Overview ”, https://blog.csdn.net/turing321_huaide/article/details/124704147?spm=1001.2014.3001.5501.

[2] Turing_321,“ Wireless personal area network ： Architecture and communication ”, https://blog.csdn.net/turing321_huaide/article/details/124645964?spm=1001.2014.3001.5501.

[3] Tingting Wang , Di Zhang, Dong Sun, Jingkai Gu., “Current status of in vivo bioanalysis of nano drug delivery systems,” in Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis 10 (2020) 221e232.

[4] Jin Youyu , “ How drugs are absorbed by the human body ？”. Available from the web page: http://www.qm120.com/tags/121073.htm.

[5] Turing_321,“ Wireless in vivo nano network ： Electromagnetic propagation model and key points of sensor deployment ”, https://blog.csdn.net/turing321_huaide/article/details/125130163?spm=1001.2014.3001.5501.

[6] Elaine Ann Ebreo Cara,etc., “1. AN INTRODUCTION TO NANOCOMPUTING,” in Bio-inspired and nanoscale integrated computin, Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2009.

[7] Mik Andersen, “Redes de nanocomunicación inalámbrica para nanotecnología en el cuerpo humano”, 2021. Available from the web page: https://corona2inspect.net/2021/09/21/redes-de-nanocomunicacion-inalambrica-para-nanotecnologia-en-el-cuerpo-humano/.

[8] Mik Andersen, “Identification of Patterns in Coronavirus Vaccines: Evidence of DNA-Origami Self-Assembly”, 2022. Available from the web page: http://truthcomestolight.com/identification-of-patterns-in-coronavirus-vaccines-evidence-of-dna-origami-self-assembly/.

[9] Mik Andersen, “Graphene Oxide & Nano-Router Circuitry …”, 2021. Available from the web page: https://truthcomestolight.com/graphene-oxide-nano-router-circuitry-in-covid-vaccines-uncovering-the-true-purpose-of-these-mandatory-toxic-injections/
Pattern Identification in Coronavirus Vaccines: Nanorouters.

[10] Turing_321,“ Wireless nano sensor networks and nano IOT Networks ： background 、 framework 、 features ”, https://blog.csdn.net/turing321_huaide/article/details/124611435?spm=1001.2014.3001.5501.

[11] Zhichao Rong, etc., “Nano-rectenna powered body-centric nano-networks in the terahertz band,” in Healthcare Technology Letters. 2018.

[12] Ian F. Akyildiz, “Propagation Modeling and Analysis of Molecular Motors in Molecular Communication,” in Molecular Communication. IEEE. 2016.