Common hardware delays

Latency Numbers Every Programmer Should Know · GitHub

Latency Comparison Numbers (~2012)
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Level 1 Cache Reference 0.5 NS
Branch prediction error Branch Mispredict 5 NS
Tier Class Cache Reference 7 NS 14X L1 Cache
Mutex Lokk/UNLOCK 25 NS
Main Memory Reference 100NS 20X L2 Cache, 200x L1 Cache
Compression Compress 1K Bytes with Zipp 3,000 NS 3 us
Send 1K Bytes Over 1 GBPS Network 10,000 NS 10 US
Read 4K Randomly FROMLY SSD* 150,000 NS 150 US ~ 1G MSD* 150 US ~ 1G MSD* 150 US ~ 1G MSD/sec SSD
Read 1 MB sequentially from memory 250,000 ns 250 us
Round trip within same datacenter 500,000 ns 500 us
Read 1 MB sequentially from SSD* 1,000,000 ns 1 ms ~1GB/sec SSD, 4X memory
Disk seek 10,000,000 ns 10,000 us 10 ms 20x datacenter roundtrip
Read 1 MB sequentially from disk 20,000,000 ns 20,000 us 20 ms 80x memory, 20X SSD
Send packet CA->Netherlands->CA 150,000,000 ns 150,000 us 150 ms

Notes
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1 ns = 10^-9 seconds
1 us = 10^-6 seconds = 1,000 ns
1 ms = 10^-3 seconds = 1,000us = 1,000,000 ns

Yearly data are shown below

Numbers Every Programmer Should Know By YearNumbers Every Programmer Should Know By YearNumbers Every Programmer Should Know By Year

Level 1 cache 1ns

Branch prediction failed 3ns

Second level cache 4ns

Mutex lock/unlock 17ns

Main memory 100ns

Zipp Compression 1k 2,000 ns

Public network sending 2k 44ns (the network has improved a lot, I don't know if there is any problem with the data, if the sending and receiving are added up)

Memory reads 1m data continuously for 3,000ns

SSD random read 16,000ns