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HCIA—应用层
2022-07-02 06:29:00 【藤原千花的败北】
应用层
HCIA -应用层常见协议
应用层基础概念及协议
应用层概述
- TCP/IP 模型的最高层
- 直接为应用程序提供网络服务(应用层不是应用程序)
如下图,使用outlook客户端发送邮件,使用的是SMTP协议。可能通过fox客户端接收邮件,调用的是POP3。不管使用什么客户端,都是调用一样的应用层协议。
常见的应用层协议
- DNS
- HTTP(HTTPS)
- SMTP与POP3,IMAP(IMAPS)
- Telnet(Telnets)
- FTP与TFTP(TFTPS)
s为安全,一般使用SSL/TLS 在传输层加密
DNS(Domain Name System,域名解析系统)
- 建立IP地址与域名之间的映射关系
- 将域名解析为IP地址(A记录)
- 将IP地址解析为域名(指针记录)
www.xxxx.com.
分层: - 根域,com后面的 “.”
- 顶级域名:一级域名
- 二级域名:用户注册
Windows下的一些命令
ipconfig /displaydns查看DNS缓存
ipconfig /flushdns 清除DNS缓存
nslookup DNS调试工具
HTTP和HTTPS
- 帮助客户端访问万维网(World Wide Web)
- 网页浏览器通过翻译HTML文件来表现文本、图像、音乐动画及视频等对象
- HTTP没有加密验证机制,明文传输,安全性不足
- HTTPS使用SSL、CA证书等技术进行安全防护,越来越的Web网站强制使用

邮件服务:SMTP与POP3/IMAP
| SMTP | Simple Mail Transfer Protocol,简单邮件传输协议,用于发送邮件 |
|---|---|
| POP3 | Post Office Protocol v3,邮局协议版本3,用于接收邮件 |
| IMAP | Internet Message Access Protocol,互联网邮件访问协议,类似POP3,功能更多 |

Telnet:Terminal Network,终端网络
- 远程管理协议(网络设备、服务器、数据库等)
- 常用终端工具:SecureCRT、Putty、Xshell
- 明文传输数据,不安全(建议使用SSH)

FTP和TFTP

阶段总结

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