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NR modulation 1
2022-07-06 02:58:00 【明朝百晓生】
前言
终端在测试吞吐量的时候主要看两个参数,网络分配的RB,以及Modulation
这个系列主要参考一些海外专家的课程做个分享
这里主要参考cisco 的 tutorangel
- summary
- RF Encoding and modulation Mechanisms
- BPSK
- QPSK
- QAM
一 summary
编码后,我们得到的还是数字信号 0,1 ,前面讲过会把QPSK 会把0
调制成1,1调制成-1的模拟信息,对应一个waveform.
如何区分wavefrom(symbol) ,主要通过幅度,频率,相位
为什么要调制:
最终信号要通过天线发射出去
天线的长短和波长成正比,所以和频率成反比,频率越高,波长越短,天线也就可以做得越短。天线的长度并不等于一个波长,往往是1/4波长或者5/8波长。
二 RF Encoding and modulation Mechanisms
调制后,0,1对应一个symbol(或waveform),我们可以通过三种方式区分0,1
Amplitude, frequency, phase
2.1 Amplitude 区分
如上可以通过幅度来区分1,0
2.2 Frequency 区分
如图,后半段的频率更高,低频认为是1,高频认为是0。
2.3 phase区分
0,1 相位相差
2.4 调制算法
对应一段时域的波形
3: BPSK(Binary phase shift keying) 二进制相移键控
根据数字基带信号的两个电平,使得载波相位在两个不同的数值之间切换的一种相位调制方式。 通常两个相位相差,故有时也称为反相键控PSK
以二进制调相为例,码元为0时,调制后载波与为调制载波同相
码元为1,调制后载波与为调制载波反相。
每个符号一个bit,或者一个waveform 对应一个bit
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Created on Mon Jul 4 15:06:27 2022
@author: chengxf2
"""
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
def bpsk(bit):
a = 1.0
w = 2.0
if bit ==0:
p = -np.math.pi/2.0
else:
p = np.math.pi/2.0
x = np.linspace(0, 2*np.math.pi,1000)
y = []
for t in x:
v = a*np.cos(w*t+p)
y.append(v)
if 0 ==bit:
plt.plot(x, y, color='g',linewidth=2.0,linestyle="-.") # plot方法绘点制图
else:
plt.plot(x, y, color='r',linewidth=2.0,linestyle="-.") # plot方法绘点制图
plt.xlabel("x")
plt.ylabel("y")
plt.show()
bpsk(0)
4: QPSK(Quadrature phase shift key 正交相移键控)
BPSK 是1bit/symbol
QPSK 是2bit/symbol
相当于速率增加了一倍
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Created on Mon Jul 4 15:06:27 2022
@author: chengxf2
"""
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from enum import Enum
class QPSK_PHASE(Enum):
ONE = 1
TWO = 2
THREE =3
FOUR =4
def qpsk(phase):
a = 1.0
w = 2.0
if phase is QPSK_PHASE.ONE:
p = np.math.pi/2*0
elif phase is QPSK_PHASE.TWO:
p = np.math.pi/2
elif phase is QPSK_PHASE.THREE:
p = np.math.pi
else:
p = np.math.pi*3/2
x = np.linspace(0, 2*np.math.pi,1000)
y = []
for t in x:
v = a*np.cos(w*t+p)
y.append(v)
if phase is QPSK_PHASE.ONE:
plt.plot(x, y, color='g',linewidth=2.0,linestyle="-.") # plot方法绘点制图
elif phase is QPSK_PHASE.TWO:
plt.plot(x, y, color='r',linewidth=2.0,linestyle="-.") # plot方法绘点制图
elif phase is QPSK_PHASE.THREE:
plt.plot(x, y, color='b',linewidth=2.0,linestyle="-.") # plot方法绘点制图
else :
plt.plot(x, y, color='y',linewidth=2.0,linestyle="-.") # plot方法绘点制图
plt.xlabel("x")
plt.ylabel("y")
plt.show()
qpsk(QPSK_PHASE.FOUR)
5: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(正交幅度调制)
前面都是调节phase,有讲过可以通过增加幅度来区分bit 0,1
如16QAM
一个symbol 可以传输4bit
64AQM
一个symbol 可以传输6bit
调制方式越高,点之间的距离越来越近了,如果在一个有噪声的环境中
信号的多径传输影响,信号衰减等影响,得到的符号会产生偏差,就产生了误差
这个时候调制方式需要逐渐降低 64QAM-16QAM-QPSK-BPSK,速度也会逐渐降低
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