Huawei certified Cloud Computing HICA

Chapter one Conceptual basis of Cloud Computing

Cloud computing concepts and values

Key features of Cloud Computing

• Self service on demand

  No human intervention

• Ubiquitous network access

• Location independent resource pool

• Fast elasticity

• Pay per use

Background of cloud computing

Demand driven + technical progress + Business model change

Cloud computing is demand driven 、 technical progress 、 The result of joint promotion of business model transformation

The evolution of Cloud Computing

Parallel computing （ Multiple in one host CPU Complete the calculation ） -> Distributed computing （ Divide a big task into several small tasks , Different small tasks are handled by multiple hosts ） -> Grid computing （ Provide users with integrated information and application services ） -> Cloud computing

Deployment mode of cloud computing

Pattern	Users	Builder
Public cloud	B/C	A
Private cloud	A	A
A hybrid cloud	Use both （ above ） cloud	——

A hybrid cloud —— Future trends in Cloud Computing

The business model of Cloud Computing

• SaaS(Software as a Service)

  Software as a service

• PaaS(Platform as a Service)

  Platform as a service （ Development platform , For developers ）

• IaaS(Infrastructure as a Service)

  Infrastructure as a service

  infrastructure ： The server Storage Network devices

Chapter two Understand the underlying computer

Computer development history and system hierarchy

• first generation ： Electron tube
• Second generation ： The transistor
• The third generation ： in / Small scale integrated circuit
• The fourth generation ： large-scale integrated circuit

Von Neumann architecture and derivative architecture

form

Arithmetic unit / controller / Memory / input device / Output devices —— Five parts

Program ： Instructions + data Must be placed in memory Do not distinguish between instruction storage and data storage

Representation form ： All computer instructions and data must be binary

Instructions constitute ： opcode + Address code

Command sequence ： All instructions must be continuous , Special cases can be discontinuous

Machine central structure ： With the arithmetic unit as the center

Computer

controller ： Equivalent to the brain of a computer Responsible for taking instructions 、 Analysis instructions

Arithmetic unit ： Computing core Participate in the calculation function

1. Arithmetic operations ： Fixed point data operation , Floating point operation
2. Logical operations ： Logical and or not
3. Displacement calculation

input device ： mouse 、 keyboard

Output devices ： Monitor 、 The printer

CPU：

• controller ： Core components —— CU control unit
• Arithmetic unit ： Core components —— ALU Arithmetic unit

The storage system ：

MM Main memory —— Memory

PM Secondary storage —— External storage

Instructions 、 Instruction set 、 Instruction cycle 、 Addressing

Instructions constitute ：

1. opcode ： Indicates the meaning of the current instruction （ Arithmetic operations 、 Logical operations 、 Displacement calculation ）
2. Address code ： Indicates the address where the operand is stored | register | Main memory |

Instruction set ： A set of computing instructions

• CISC： Complex instruction set

  X86

• RISC： Simple instruction set

  ARM PowerPC(IBM)

The more instruction sets The stronger the performance of a certain field

classification

• User instructions ： Instructions that ordinary users can execute
• Privileged orders ： Instructions that the kernel process can execute （ Affect the overall state of the computer ）
• The user executes the instruction ： User mode
• The kernel executes instructions ： Kernel mode

I / O Instructions It's done by the kernel

User instructions want to call system instructions ：System call System function call

Sensitive instructions ： Instructions that affect the global state of the computer

stay RISC in , All sensitive instructions are privileged instructions

stay X86 in , Some sensitive instructions are non privileged instructions

Instruction ring ：4 Annulus ring 0 ring 1 ring 2 ring3

• ring 0: System kernel instructions
• ring 1、2: System service instruction ：windows,linux
• ring 3: User process instructions

Trap command ：

The user process sends privileged instructions

The system recognizes whether the instruction is sent by the kernel or by the user

Protect

Sending kernel state instructions triggers instruction traps

Instruction trap ： Help the current system complete mode switching

​ Realization ：CPU Interrupt the system

CPU structure 、 Interrupt the system 、 Instruction ring

CPU The clock / Main frequency

CPU The higher the dominant frequency Better performance

Main frequency —— Number of times per unit time

The higher the processing performance , The more transistors

Interrupt the system

help CPU Handling interrupts

When CPU Was interrupted while doing the operation ,CPU The response method is to transfer to the management procedure （ Handling interrupts ）

interrupt —— The register stores a

​ Protect threads ： Before the interruption

​ Restore the thread ： Context switching after interrupt processing

Interrupt source ：

• Artificial interruption
• Program accident interruption （ stack overflow ）
• Hardware failure interrupt （ The main board component is short circuited ）
• I/O interrupt （I / 0 Input and output ）

process

Allocate resources —— CPU resources Main memory resources I/O

Threads

The smallest unit of resource scheduling , All threads in a process share all resources of the process

Computer memory hierarchy

Memory classification

• storage medium （ Magnetic core 、 disk 、 Compact disc 、 Semiconductor storage ）
• Storage nature （ Volatile storage 、 Nonvolatile storage ）
• Performance levels （ Main memory 、 cache 、 External storage ）

RAM：SRAM static state RAM DRAM dynamic RAM

ROM： PROM（ One time erasable ） EPROM EEPROM（ Electronics ）

cache : Solve the problem of main memory CPU The problem of inconsistent speed

Storage speed ：rigister -> MM -> buffer -> PM

Data hotspot ： In frequently accessed programs , Eighty percent , It accounts for 20% of the total program

cache ： Locality principle

Replacement strategy ： General writing （ cache / Main memory is written at the same time ）、 Write back （ Write only cache ）

Ways to improve cache performance ：

• Increase cache capacity
• N Road Association
• Multi level cache

Multi level cache

• L1： L1i Instruction cache L1d Data caching , Every core exclusive
• L2： Every core exclusive
• L3：core share

Bus system

Bus classification

On chip bus ： Inside the chip Bus PC——CU

The system bus ：

• Address bus ： Used to address 32 position 2^32 = 42.9 Billion ~ 4G
• data bus ： Used for data I/O
• Control bus ： Used to control data bus and address bus

Communication bus ： A bus used to communicate between multiple computer systems

Bus standards

• ISA —— Industry standard architecture —— IBM
• EISA —— Extended industry standard architecture —— IBM
• PCI —— External devices are interconnected
• PCI-E stay PCI On this basis intel

Early computer bus interaction logic

Modern computer bus interaction logic

PCH Integrated with South Bridge

I/O The system and driving technology are in-depth

I/O Instructions （ It belongs to a separate set of instructions ）

• opcode ： Operation type （ The arithmetic 、 Logic 、IO）

• Command code ： read 、 Write —— Inquire about

• Equipment code ： Device address

  Power on direction CPU Register your own I/O Interface （ Plug and play ）

Channel command ： Only computers with channels can send （ Handle independently I/O chip ）

I/O Control mode of exchanging information between equipment and host

• Inquire about （ loop IO test ）

  （CPU Send query instruction wait until busy CPU Send again ready）

• interrupt

  （CPU send out I/O Instructions ,I/O The equipment is ready to CPU Initiate a break ）

• DMA

  （Direct Memory Acess Direct memory access ）

• passageway

  （ Independent chip , Integrated independent channel instructions , Can only handle I/O）

The driver

The driver is responsible for guiding the equipment control to work , take CPU The external instructions sent are translated into internal instructions that can be recognized by the external device

The third chapter Understand the underlying storage

A variety of hard disk interfaces and protocol types

ATA and SATA

• ATA: Advanced technology attachment , Last century 90 The desktop standards of the s
• SATA： yes ATA Upgrade version of Technology , Used to be a desktop computer ATA The main alternative technology of interface hard disk

SCSI Protocols and storage systems

• SCSI It was originally an interface technology developed for minicomputers , Used for connection between host and external equipment
• SCSI Protocol is the basic protocol for communication between host and storage disk
• DAS Use SCSI The protocol realizes the interconnection between host server and storage device

SCSI Bus communication

• When a device uses a bus , Other devices can handle activities in the device
• The device needs to be connected to the bus only when it is transmitting data or reporting status
• The device can disconnect from the bus and then connect to the bus when necessary
• SCSI Connections only occur in initiator and target groups

SCSI： Parallel transmission

Serial SCSI：SAS In the enterprise

file system

• The file system of a computer is a way of storing and organizing computer data , It makes it easy to access and find
• The file system uses the abstract logical concept of files and tree directories instead of the concept of data blocks used by physical devices such as hard disks and optical disks

DAS-NAS-SAN

DAS Connection protocol

• ATA and SATA

  Inside DAS The most commonly used

• SCSI

  Serial （ external DAS）

  parallel （ Inside DAS）

• FC

  A high-speed network interconnection technology

DAS management

• Inside DAS
  • The host provides ：
    • Hard disk partition （ Volume management ）
    • File system layout
  • Manage direct attached storage through servers and operating systems
• external DAS
  • Array based management
  • Lower total cost of ownership for managing data and storage architectures

SAN

storage area network Storage area network

adopt FC（ Optical switches ） perhaps eth（ Ethernet ）

The server does not have an optical fiber interface by default

It's on the motherboard PCI\PCIE Interface Can pass HBA card The host bus adapter extends the storage interface for the host

FC SAN —— go FC agreement

IP SAN —— go TCP/IP agreement

FC and ETH The protocol is completely incompatible

Chapter four Understand the underlying network

The fifth chapter Operating system and virtualization

Chapter six Huawei virtualization solutions -FusionCompute

Chapter vii. Huawei desktop solutions -FusionAccess Basics

Chapter viii. Huawei cloud computing experiment

Update later ..