Don't you even look at such a detailed and comprehensive written software test question?

1. A software bug /BUG What does the record contain ？ How to submit high quality software defects /bug Record ?

2、 What are the stages of testing ？

3、 Know which testing tools ？ What testing tools have you used and known ？ What's the use of each ？

4、 What qualities and skills do you think a test engineer should possess ？

5、 What are the attributes of the questionnaire ？

6、 What are the elements of a complete test plan ？

7、 Check out the tools for the interface ？ Name the operation of a tool

8、 The four stages of a typical waterfall model , Software life cycle

9、 What are the tasks in the software development process ?

10、 How to divide the level of software defects ？

11、 Please explain the advantages and disadvantages of black box test and white box test respectively !

12、 Answer what is software testing according to your own understanding , What are the stages of software testing .

13、 What are test cases and test procedures , What should be considered in designing a test case ?

14、 Problems often encountered by testers in the process of software development ：

15、 What is smoke test ？

16、 End of test criteria ？

17、 Why software testing ? What is the purpose of software testing ?

18、 Software testing should be divided into several stages ? Briefly describe the key test points in each stage ? The meaning of each stage ？

19、 Explanation of professional words （α、β test ; Driver module ; Pile module ）

20、 Try to describe the whole process of testing a software project

21、 What is the purpose of the test planning effort ？ What are the contents of the test planning work ？ Which of these are the most important ？

22、 stay Linux In the system , Access to a file is 755, What does it mean ？

23、 What is the status of testing tools in testing work ？

24、 Briefly c/s Mode or b/s Pattern ？

25、 Briefly describe the difference between load test and stress test .

26、ISO What layers are the model divided into , What is the order from bottom to top ？

27、TCP/UDP What are the differences ？

28、 Describe the purpose of subnet mask .

29、 Take your past work as an example , Describe the complete process of a test case design in detail .

30、 What are the test case design methods that you are familiar with ？

31、 Compare black box test 、 White box testing 、 unit testing 、 Integration testing 、 The system test 、 The difference and connection of acceptance test .

32、 What is the key to test case design ？

33、 What are the design methods of test cases ？ Please describe the steps of designing test cases with decision table .

34、 What are the automated test frameworks ？

35、 What are the statistical methods for test coverage ？ What are the differences ？

36、 What is? FMEA？

37、 What is effective equivalence class , Invalid equivalence class ？

38、 Please describe TCP/IP The process of establishing a connection

39、 A call to a DLL（ Dynamic link library ） What are the ways ？

40、 The difference between a process and a thread ？

41、 Six kinds of coverage of white box test

42、 What management measures should be taken for defects ？

43、 If you can perform the perfect black box test , Do you still need a white box test （ The difference between a black box and a white box ？）

44、 Other questions are recorded （ Black box test method 、 Cause and effect diagram ）

1、 In your previous work , A software bug （ Or call it BUG） What does the record contain ？ How to submit high quality software defects （bug） Record ？

—— One BUG Basically, the record should contain ： Number 、 The module it belongs to 、 Description information 、 Level 、 The date of discovery / people 、 modification date / people 、 Modification method 、 Regression results and so on ;

—— It is necessary to design efficient test cases with reference to requirements, detailed design and other early documents , Then strictly execute the test cases , Fully confirm the problems found , And then publish it out , In this way, we can improve bug quality .

2、 What are the stages of testing ？

—— According to the development stage , Software testing can be divided into unit testing 、 Integration testing 、 System testing and acceptance testing .

unit testing ： Testing for each unit , The goal is to ensure that each module works properly

Integration testing ： Assemble the tested modules , Conduct integration test . The purpose is to examine the program structure related to software design .

The system test ： Verify that the software product can interact with other parts of the system （ such as ： Hardware 、 Database and operators ） Coordination work .

The acceptance test ： The last process to test the quality of software products , Mainly highlight the role of users , At the same time, software developers also have a certain degree of participation .

3、 Know which testing tools ？ What testing tools have you used and known ？ What's the use of each ？

Jmeter： The interface test 、 Pressure test

soapui： The interface test

xShell、xftp： management Linux System

ZenTao ： management BUG

navicat： Management database

4、 What qualities and skills do you think a test engineer should possess

Skill ： Computer skills , Testing professional skills , Software programming skills

Quality ： communication skills , Be rigorous 、 Dare to take responsibility 、 A steady style of doing things , With the spirit of doubt and destruction , Be good at self summarization 、 Self supervision .

5、 What are the attributes of the questionnaire ？

—— All I know is ： Product modules 、 Project 、 Version 、bug title 、 Steps and test data 、bug And log screenshots 、 Type and severity 、 System / browser

6、 What are the elements of a complete test plan ？

test plan 、 personnel allotment 、 Time arrangement 、 Determination of test methods 、 Determination of testing tools 、 Test report

7、 Check out the tools for the interface ？ Name the operation of a tool

jmeter And soapui All support

jmeter Usage of ： Create a new thread group , add to http Request of type → Fill in the interface address and data → Add view result tree → Run → View results 、 Analyze

8、 The four stages of a typical waterfall model are ： analysis 、 Design 、 code 、 test

The life cycle of software is divided into ： draw up a plan 、 Demand analysis 、 software design 、 Programming 、 Software testing, operation and maintenance, etc 6 There are three basic activities .

Five typical development cycle models ： The waterfall 、V、 Prototyping 、 screw 、 iteration

9、 What are the tasks in the software development process ?

a. Participation needs analysis ;b. Write test cases ;c. seek Bug;d. Avoid defects in the software development process ;e. Measure the quality of software ;f. Focus on the needs of users . The overall goal ： Ensure software quality

10、 How to divide the level of software defects ？

Fatal error , This module and other related modules may be abnormal , Crash and other issues ;

Serious mistakes , The problem is limited to this module , Cause module function failure or abnormal exit ;

A general mistake , The function of the module is partially invalid ;

Suggested questions , The improvement suggestions of the problem proposer on the test object ;

11、 Black box testing and white box testing are two basic methods of software testing , Please explain their advantages and disadvantages respectively !

Advantages of black box testing ：1) Relatively simple , You don't need to know the code and implementation inside the program ;2) It has nothing to do with the internal implementation of the software ;3) From the user's point of view , It's easy to know which functions users will use , What problems will be encountered ;4) Based on software development documentation , So you can also know what functions the software implements in the document ;5) It is more convenient to do software automatic testing .

Disadvantages of black box test ：1) It's impossible to cover all the code , Low coverage , It's only about half of the total code 30%;2) The reusability of automated testing is low .

Advantages of white box testing ： Help software testers increase code coverage , Improve the quality of your code , Find hidden problems in the code .

Disadvantages of white box testing ：1) There are many different paths for the program to run , It is not possible to test all the run paths ;2) Testing is based on code , You can only test if the developer is doing it right , We can't know whether the design is right or not , Some functional requirements may be missed ;3) When the system is huge , It's going to be very expensive to test .

12、 Answer what is software testing according to your own understanding , What are the stages of software testing .

—— Software testing is a process of running software to find errors in software , A successful test is a test that finds an error that has not been found so far .

Software testing is generally divided into unit testing 、 Integration testing and system testing .

13、 What are test cases and test procedures , What should be considered in designing a test case ?

—— In a narrow sense , A test case is a set of data that testers use to test a feature or feature combination of the software under test . This set of data may be the actual set of data obtained from the user , It may also be a set of data specially designed by testers to test some functions of software .

—— Test procedure is a detailed design method of test cases 、 The test method 、 Testing tools 、 A document describing the test environment and test data , It can also include a series of operation steps that can apply a certain test case or a group of test cases to the software under test to complete a certain test .

—— The design of test cases should be considered from the following aspects ： The boundary value , Equivalence class division , It works / Invalid value, etc .

14、 Problems often encountered by testers in the process of software development ：

—— Demand changes too much, too messy , Relevant documents are not updated , The document does not match the actual function of the project ; Many times, the latest needs are just hidden in the minds of individuals , The tester is always the last person to know the changes in requirements .

—— Suggestions for improvement ： Be able to establish requirements change system , At what stage must requirements change stop （ This must be made clear to the requirements proposer in the early stage of the project ）; Each requirement change must be confirmed by the person proposing the requirement , After the demand changes, a special person must update the relevant documents （ These documents are the basis for testers to write plans and use cases ）; And can inform relevant personnel , In this way, the program personnel can modify the response program , The tester modifies the response's use case , And can correctly test the procedures after requirements change

15、 What is smoke test ？

Fewer people but more experienced , Test the main functions of the whole system in a short time 、 Whether the main business processes are realized , Is stable .

16、 End of test criteria ？

a. The module test case has been executed , Covering all software requirements ;

b. The defect convergence trend meets the quality requirements ;

c. The defect repair rate meets the needs of product designers ;

d. Achieve the pre defect measurement principle

17、 Why software testing ? What is the purpose of software testing ?

—— Because software testing is to use testing tools to test the function and performance of products according to the test scheme and process , Even write different test tools as needed , Design and maintain test system , Analyze and evaluate the possible problems in the test plan . After executing the test case , Need to track faults , To ensure that the developed products meet the needs .

—— The purpose of software testing ： The first is to confirm the quality of the software , One aspect is to make sure that the software does what you expect to do , The other is to make sure that the software does it in the right way . The second is to provide information , Such as feedback to developers or program managers , Information prepared for risk assessment . Third, software testing is not only testing the software product itself , It also includes the process of software development . If many problems are found after the development of a software product , This shows that the software development process is likely to be flawed . therefore , The third purpose of software testing is to ensure that the whole software development process is of high quality .

18、 Software testing should be divided into several stages ? Briefly describe the key test points in each stage ? The meaning of each stage ？

—— Generally speaking, it can be divided into unit testing , Integration testing , The system test , The acceptance test , Each stage is divided into the following five steps : test plan , Test design , Use case design , Execution results , Test report .

—— Initial testing focused on each module , Ensure the correctness of the source code , This phase becomes unit testing , The white box test method is mainly used . Next is module integration and integration to form a complete software package . Integration testing focuses on validation and program composition . The black box test method is mainly used , Supplemented by white box test method . After software integration , Need to complete validation and system testing . Confirm that the software provided by the test meets all functions 、 The final guarantee of performance requirements . The confirmation test only applies the black box test method .

unit testing ： Unit testing is the testing of basic components in software , Like a module 、 A process, etc . It is the most basic part of software dynamic testing , And one of the most important parts , Its purpose is to test the correctness of the basic components of the software .

Integration testing ： Integration testing is the testing in the process of software system integration , Its main purpose is to check whether the interface between software units is correct .

The system test ： System testing is to test the integrated software system thoroughly , To verify the correctness and performance of the software system to meet the requirements specified in the specification , Checking the behavior and output of software is not a simple task , It's called the test of “ The prophet question ”.

The acceptance test ： The purpose of acceptance testing is to show the software purchaser that the software system meets the needs of its users . Its test data is usually a subset of system test data .

regression testing ： Regression testing is in the software maintenance phase , Testing after modifying the software . The purpose is to verify that the changes made to the software are correct .

19、 Explanation of professional words （α、β test ; Driver module ; Pile module ）

α test : The tester uses the data provided by the user , Instead of simulating data for testing ; Test the whole system , To ensure that it can be delivered .( insiders )

β test : It refers to installing software at some potential customers , The test method reported by customers according to the actual use .

Driver module : The drive modules are collectively referred to as... In most fields " The main program ", It receives test data and passes it to the module under test . Unit testing a function unit , The unit under test cannot run independently , Data needs to be transferred for it , For this, write driver . The driver module mainly completes the following things ： 1、 Accept test input ; 2、 Judge the input ;3、 Pass the input to the unit under test , Drive the unit under test to execute ; 4、 Accept the execution result of the unit under test , And judge the results ;5、 Take the judgment result as the case execution result and output the test report .

Pile module : For example, for functions A When doing unit tests , The function unit under test also includes a function B, In order to better locate the error , It's a function B Pile writing , To simulate a function B The function of , Make sure it's right .

20、 Try to describe the whole process of testing a software project

Choose a simple item at will , Let's say it's a flowery paper cup with an advertisement for drinking water , Ask the candidate to design as many test cases as possible .

-> Test project ： glass

-> Requirements testing : Check the cup instructions

-> Interface tests : Look at the appearance of the cup

-> Functionality ： Fill a water cup with water to see if it leaks ; Can water be drunk

-> Security ： Is there any poison or bacteria in the cup

-> reliability ： The degree of damage caused by the cup falling from different heights

-> Portability ： The cup is in a different place 、 Whether it can be used normally under temperature and other environments ： Whether the cup can hold juice 、 plain water 、 alcohol 、 Gasoline, etc

-> Ease of use ： Is the cup hot 、 Is there any anti-skid measures 、 Is it convenient to drink

-> User documentation ： Is the instruction manual for cup usage 、 Limit 、 The conditions of use are described in detail

-> Fatigue test ： Fill the cup with water （ Case a ） discharge 24 Check the leak time and condition every hour ; Fill it with gasoline （ Case 2 ） discharge 24 Check the time and condition of leakage every hour

-> Pressure test ： Use a needle and add weight to it , Look at the pressure, it will penetrate

-> Drop test : The cup is packed ( There are fillers ), How high does it fall without breaking

-> Vibration test : The cup is packed ( There are fillers ), Six vibrations , Check if the product can cope with the bad Railway \ highway \ transport aviation

-> Test data ： The test data is written here （ I hate writing test data ）.

-> Expected output ： The expected output should refer to the national standard 、 Logo and user needs

-> Instruction Testing : Check the accuracy of the instructions

21、 What is the purpose of the test planning effort ？ What are the contents of the test planning work ？ Which of these are the most important ？

—— Software test plan is a programmatic document to guide the test process , Includes product overview 、 The test strategy 、 The test method 、 Test area 、 Test configuration 、 Test cycle 、 Test resources 、 Test communication 、 Risk analysis, etc . With software test plan , Project members participating in the test , Especially test managers , Test tasks and methods can be specified , Maintain smooth communication during test implementation , Track and control test progress , Respond to changes during testing .

—— Test plan and test details 、 There is a strategic and tactical relationship between test cases , The test plan mainly plans the scope of testing activities from the macro level 、 Methods and resource allocation , And testing detailed specifications 、 Test cases are specific tactics for completing the test task . So the most important one is the test strategy and test method （ It's better to judge first ）

22、 stay Linux In the system , Access to a file is 755, What does it mean ？

755 Indicates that the owner of the file has read access to the file 、 Write 、 Executive authority , Users in the group of the file owner and other users have read and execute permissions on the file .

owner + Group users + Other users ,rwx = 421.

23、 What is the status of testing tools in testing work ？

（1） Many test engineers in China are infatuated with testing tools , Especially for beginners , It is even expected that testing tools can replace manual testing . Testing tools play an auxiliary role in the testing work , It is generally used to improve test efficiency . Automated testing makes up for the lack of manual testing , Reduce a certain amount of work . In fact, testing tools cannot replace most manual testing , Some automated tests such as performance testing can't be done by hand .

（2） For automated testing technology , It should be treated according to different situations of software , General automation techniques will be used where a lot of repetitive work is caused 、 The pressure point of the system 、 And any place where it's appropriate to use programs to solve mass input data . Then look for the right automated testing tool , Or develop your own test program .

（3） Never use... For the sake of using a test tool .

24、 Briefly c/s Mode or b/s Pattern ？

——C/S Pattern ： client / Server mode . working principle ：Client towards Server Submit a request ;Server Then use some methods to process the request , And return the effect to Client.

——B/S structure , namely Browser/Server( browser / The server ) structure , With Internet The rise of Technology , Yes C/S A changed or improved structure . Under this structure , The user interface is completely through WWW Browser implementation , Part of the transaction logic is implemented in the front end , But the main transaction logic is implemented on the server side , Form what is called 3-tier structure .B/S structure , It's mainly using the maturing WWW Browser technology , Combined with a variety of browser Script Language (VBScript、JavaScript…) and ActiveX technology , With a general browser to achieve the original need for complex special software to achieve a powerful function , And save the development cost , Is a new software system construction technology .

25、 Briefly describe the difference between load test and stress test .

—— Pressure test （Stress Testing）： The main task of stress testing is to get the limits of the correct operation of the system , Check the ability of the system to perform correctly under transient peak load . for example , When stress testing the server, you can increase the number of concurrent users ; Or keep sending requests to the server ; Or send extra large data to the server at one time . Look at the maximum state that the server can reach to keep it up and running . People usually use testing tools to do stress testing , For example, tens of thousands of users log in from the terminal at the same time , This is a common method used in stress testing .

—— The load test （Volume Testing）： Used to check the ability of the system to work correctly when using large amounts of data , That is, to what extent can the ability of the inspection system reach the highest level . for example , For information retrieval systems , Let it be used most frequently ; For a time-sharing system with multiple terminals , Let all its terminals run . In order to make all the resources of the whole system reach “ Full load ” Under the situation of , Test the endurance of the system .

26、ISO What layers are the model divided into , What is the order from bottom to top ？

From the bottom up ： The physical layer 、 Data link layer 、 The network layer 、 Transport layer 、 The session layer 、 Presentation layer and application layer .

The switch works in ISO Which layer in the model ?——2 layer （ Data link layer ）.

Router works in ISO Which layer in the model ?——3 layer （ The network layer ）.

27、TCP/UDP What are the differences ？*

——TCP- There is a connection , So the handshake process consumes resources , The process is reliable connection , No loss of data , Suitable for large data exchange .

——UDP- Unreliable connection , Loss of package , No check , Fast , No handshake process .

28、 Describe the purpose of subnet mask .

—— Subnet mask is mainly used to judge two IP Is the address in the same LAN ; The subnet mask is made up of contiguous 2 Base number 1 Composed of . Subnet mask sum IP After bitwise and operation of address , Consistent result , It means to be in a local area network , If it's not consistent , No longer in a LAN , Need to find a route .

29、 Take your past work as an example , Describe the complete process of a test case design in detail .

—— First ： Get the relevant documents （ Requirements documents and design documents ）, After understanding the requirements and design ideas , Think about the test strategy （ The test plan is simple OK 了 ）, Considering the test environment , The test case , Test time and so on .

—— The second step ： Design test cases , The test strategy is ： Test the function points of the website , And then we're doing system testing （ Another module is in the charge of another Tester , It can be used for joint test ）, Website module testing is basically functional testing and interface testing （ The possibility of user concurrency is very small , So don't consider ）： The input data of this website is recorded in a table in the database , If a new entry is added to a data record in the table （ That hasn't been dealt with yet , There's a marker bit ）, When the website starts, it will immediately swipe the form , Get multiple pieces of data , And then we're working on it . In the process , Will experience 3 A step , The website has completed its task . Yes 3 A step , You can do this separately 3 Design test cases in three steps , Try to cover all input situations （ Including the data in the database , User input, etc ）, It's almost 50 A use case . Interface tests , That's where users can see , Including the email sent and the user fill in the information page display .

—— The third step ： Set up the test environment （ Why consider the test environment at this time ？ Because I'm familiar with the website environment , Only if the machine is free to do the function test ）, Because the environment of the website itself is a little different from other systems , It needs a more troublesome test environment , need web The server （Apache,tomcat）, But this time the demand is , The website only uses tomcat, So as long as there is tomcat that will do

—— Step four ： Perform the test

30、 What are the test case design methods that you are familiar with ？

Please use specific examples to illustrate the application of these methods in test case design .

（1） Equivalence class division : An equivalence class is a subset of an input field . In this subset , Each input data is equivalent to exposing errors in the program . And reasonably assume that : Testing representative values of an equivalent class is equivalent to testing other values of this class . therefore , All input data can be reasonably divided into several equivalent classes , Take one data in each equivalence class as the input condition of the test , You can use a small amount of representative test data . Good test results are obtained . There are two different cases of equivalence division : Effective equivalence class and invalid equivalence class .

（2） Boundary value analysis ： It is a supplement to the method of equivalence class partition . Testing experience tells me , A lot of errors occur at the boundary of the input or output range , Not inside the I / O range . Therefore, test cases are designed for various boundary conditions , We can find out more mistakes .

　　 Use boundary value analysis to design test cases , First of all, boundary conditions should be determined . Generally, the boundary of input and output equivalence classes , It's the boundary situation that should be tested . It should be chosen exactly equal to , Just greater than or just less than the boundary value as test data , Instead of selecting typical values or arbitrary values in equivalent classes as test data .

（3） Wrong guess ： Based on experience and intuition, we can infer all kinds of possible errors in the program , So as to design test cases with pertinence .

　　 The basic idea of the wrong way of guessing : List all the possible errors in the program and the special cases that are prone to errors , Choose test cases based on them . for example , Many of the common errors in modules that have been listed during unit testing . Mistakes found in previous product tests, etc , These are the summaries of experience . also , The input data and output data are 0 The situation of . Input form is blank or input form has only one line . These are all error prone situations . The examples in these cases can be selected as test cases .

（4） Cause and effect diagram method

　　 The equivalence class partition method and boundary value analysis method introduced above , They all focus on the input conditions , But the connection between input conditions is not considered , Combination, etc . Consider the combination of input conditions , There may be something new . But it's not easy to check the combination of input conditions , Even if all input conditions are divided into equivalent classes , There are quite a lot of combinations between them . Therefore, it is necessary to consider a combination suitable for describing multiple conditions , The corresponding form of multiple actions to consider the design of test cases . This requires the use of cause and effect diagrams （ logical model ）. The final result of causality diagram is the judgment table . It is suitable for checking various combinations of program input conditions .

31、 Compare black box test 、 White box testing 、 unit testing 、 Integration testing 、 The system test 、 The difference and connection of acceptance test .

Black box testing ： The functional design specifications of the product are known , Tests can be carried out to prove whether each implemented function meets the requirements .

White box testing ： Know the internal working process of the product , Each internal operation can be tested to verify that it meets the design specifications , All internal components are checked .

unit testing （ Module test ） It's a small piece of code written by developers , A very small one used to test the code under test 、 It's very clear whether the function is correct . generally , A unit test is used to determine a specific condition （ Or the scene ） The behavior of a particular function .

Integration testing （ It's also called assembly testing , The joint test ） It's a logical extension of unit testing . Its simplest form is ： Two tested units are combined into one component , And test the interface between them . In this sense , Component refers to the integration and aggregation of multiple units . In the real plan , Many units are combined into components , And these components make up a larger part of the program . The way to do this is to test the combination of fragments , And eventually extend the process , Test your module with modules from other groups . Last , Test all the modules that make up the process .

System testing is to assemble the tested subsystem into a complete system to test . It is an effective method to verify whether the system can provide the functions specified in the system scheme specification .（ Common joint debugging test ）

Acceptance testing is the last test operation before deploying the software . The purpose of acceptance testing is to ensure that the software is ready , And can let the end user use it to carry out the established functions and tasks of the software . Acceptance testing is to show future users that the system can work as expected . After integration testing , All the modules have been assembled into a complete software system according to the design , Interface errors have been basically eliminated , Then we should further verify the effectiveness of the software , This is the task of acceptance testing , That is, the function and performance of the software are as expected by users .

32、 What is the key to test case design ？

The key of white box test case design is to cover as many internal program logic results as possible with fewer use cases .

The key of black box use case design is to cover module output and input interfaces with fewer use cases . It's impossible to do a full test , Find the most problems in a reasonable time with the least use cases .

33、 What are the design methods of test cases ？ Please describe the steps of designing test cases with decision table .

Equivalence class division , Boundary value analysis , Wrong inference , Cause and effect diagram , Orthogonal table analysis , Scenario analysis .

Decision table steps for designing test cases ： Determine the number of rules ; List all condition piles and action piles ; Fill in the conditions , Get the initial decision table ; Simplify and merge similar rules .

34、 What are the automated test frameworks ？

Modular framework , Function library framework ; Keyword Driven test framework ; Data driven framework .

35、 What are the statistical methods for test coverage ？ What are the differences ？

Code coverage ; Functional module coverage ; Database coverage ; Demand coverage .

36、 What is? FMEA？

—— Failure mode and effect analysis , It is an important method of reliability design , Evaluate various risks , analysis , So as to eliminate these risks or reduce the risks to an acceptable level on the basis of the existing technology .

37、 What is effective equivalence class , Invalid equivalence class ？

—— Valid equivalence class values are reasonable for program specifications , A collection of meaningful input data . Using the effective equivalence class, we can check whether the program realizes the preset functions and characteristics of the specification . Invalid equivalence class refers to the data set that is meaningless and unreasonable for the software specification .

38、 Please describe TCP/IP The process of establishing a connection

—— Three handshakes , Create a connection .

—— The first handshake , The client sends syn package （syn=j） To the server , And enter SYN_SEND state , Wait for server to confirm ;

—— The second handshake , Server received syn package , Must confirm customer's SYN（ack=j+1）, Also send a syn package （syn=k）, namely SYN+ACK package , At this time, the server enters SYN_RECV state ;

—— The third handshake , Client receives server's SYN+ACK package , Send confirmation package to server ACK（ack=k+1）, This package has been sent , Client and server access EATABLISHED state , Complete three handshakes .

39、 A call to a DLL（ Dynamic link library ） What are the ways ？

(1) When programming , Call directly include The library files . When the compiled program is used, it is called directly by the operating system .

(2) Use when programming LoadLibrary,FreeLibrary,GetProcAddress To dynamically load programs . When the compiled program uses the library file , The program loads itself .

40、 The difference between a process and a thread ？

A thread is an execution unit of a process , It is also a schedulable entity of the process . The difference from the process ：

-> address space ： An execution unit within a process ; The process has at least one thread , They share the address space of the process , The process has its own address space ;

-> Resource ownership ： Processes are units of resource allocation and ownership , Threads in the same process share the resources of the process ;

-> Threads are the basic unit of processor scheduling , The process is not ;

-> Both can be executed concurrently .

41、 Six kinds of coverage of white box test

-> Statement override ： Executable statements are executed at least once ;

-> Determine coverage ： The true branch and false branch of each judgment experience at least once ;

-> Conditional coverage ： The value of each condition is satisfied at least once ;

-> Judge whether the condition covers ： Judgment and conditions are met ;

-> Conditional combination covering ： All possibilities of each condition occur at least once , And the judgment result appears at least once ; The difference between him and conditional coverage ： He doesn't simply ask every condition to appear “ really ” and “ false ” Two results , Instead, it requires that all of these results occur at least once ;

-> Path test ： Execute all possible execution paths ;

-> Basic path testing ： The path test executes each path , The result of each judgment must have experienced once

Six coverage standards , The order of strength from weak to strong is ： Statement override 、 Determine coverage 、 Conditional coverage 、 determine / Conditional coverage 、 Conditional combination covering 、 Path coverage

42、 What management measures should be taken for defects ？

(1) To better manage defects , Defect management tools have to be introduced , Commercial or open source .

(2) According to the life cycle of the defect , Consider the management of defect submission , Defect status management and defect analysis management .

(3) All defects found must be immediately , Submit to defect management tool accurately , This is the management of defect submission .

(4) After defect submission , It needs to be assigned to the corresponding developers immediately , The person submitting the defect needs to pay close attention to the status of the defect , Help to solve the defect as soon as possible , After the defect is solved, the repair of the defect needs to be verified immediately . The purpose is 2 individual ： Let the defect be solved as soon as possible ; Facilitate the analysis of defects later .

(5) In order to better improve the development plan and test process , Defects need to be analyzed , Summarize the types of defects , Age distribution of defects .

43、 If you can perform the perfect black box test , Do you still need a white box test （ The difference between a black box and a white box ？）

—— Any engineering product ( Note that any engineering product ) You can use one of the following two methods to test .

—— Black box testing ： The functional design specifications of the product are known , Tests can be carried out to prove whether each implemented function meets the requirements . The black box test of software means that the test should be carried out at the interface of the software . This approach treats the test object as a black box , Testers don't consider the logical structure and internal characteristics of the program at all , Only according to the requirement specification of the procedure , Check whether the function of the program conforms to its function description . So black box testing is also called functional testing or data-driven testing . The main purpose of black box testing is to find the following types of errors ：

1、 Is there any incorrect or missing function ?

2、 On the interface , Whether the input can be accepted correctly ? Can you output the correct result ?

3、 Is there any data structure error or external information ( For example, data files ) Access error ?

4、 Whether the performance can meet the requirements ?

5、 Whether there are initialization or termination errors ?

—— White box testing ： Know the internal working process of the product , Each internal operation can be tested to verify that it meets the design specifications , All internal components are checked . White box testing of software is a detailed examination of the process details of the software . This approach is to think of the test object as an open box , It allows testers to take advantage of the logical structure and related information within the program , Design or select test cases , Test all logical paths of the program . By checking program status at different points , Determine if the actual state is consistent with the expected state . So white box testing is also called structural testing or logic driven testing . White box test is mainly to check the program module as follows ：

1、 Test all independent execution paths of program modules at least once .

2、 For all the logical decisions , take “ really ” And take “ false ” Both of them can be tested at least once .

3、 Execute the loop body within the bounds of the loop and the bounds of its operation .

4、 Test the effectiveness of the internal data structure , wait .

—— The above facts show that , Software testing has a fatal flaw , That is, the test is not complete 、 Incompleteness . Because any program can only do a small amount of ( Relative to the huge number of exhausts ) Limited testing of , When no errors are found , It doesn't mean there are no errors in the program . Even if a perfect black box test is performed, it is impossible to test specific parts of the program , In addition, when the specification itself is wrong , Can't find the problem . The white box test can cover specific parts of the program , Therefore, black box and white box tests complement each other , It is more reasonable to design test cases .

—— Experience shows that , White box testing is usually used in unit testing , Integration testing uses gray box testing , System testing uses black box testing .

44、 Other questions are recorded （ Black box test method 、 Cause and effect diagram ）

—— Commonly used black box test method ： Division of equivalence class 、 Boundary value analysis 、 Orthogonal experimental design method 、 Cause and effect diagram 、 Decision table method .

—— Cause and effect diagram ： Both the equivalence class partition method and the boundary value analysis method focus on the input conditions , If there is no connection between program inputs , Using equivalence class partition and boundary value analysis is an effective method . If there is a relationship between inputs , for example , Binding relationship 、 synthetic relation , This relationship is difficult to describe by equivalence class partition and boundary value analysis , The test effect is difficult to guarantee , Therefore, it must be considered to use a combination suitable for describing multiple conditions , Test method for generating multiple corresponding actions , Causality diagram is proposed under this background , Focus on testing the dependency between input and output in the specification .

—— Design steps of causality diagram test case ：

(1) Determine software specifications ( demand ) The causes and consequences of

(2) Determine the logical relationship between cause and effect

(3) Determine the constraints in the cause and effect diagram (constraints)

(4) Draw a cause and effect diagram and convert it into a decision table

(5) Design test cases according to the decision table

Equivalence analysis test = Equivalence class division + Boundary value analysis test , The boundary value method is both a white box and a black box test method .

After reading this article , Believe in the following two things , It will also be helpful to your self-improvement ：

1、 give the thumbs-up , Let more people see , At the same time, your recognition will encourage me to create more high-quality content .

2、 Make yourself stronger ： Think , If you want to do it in the testing industry for a long time , Your work experience and testing skills are definitely not enough , You need to improve , You need to enrich your technology stack ！ What are we waiting for? ！

Receive the last : Look at the bottom

This information , Do right 【 software test 】 For my friends, it should be more complete , This kind of learning materials also accompanied me through the most difficult journey , Hope it can help you too ！ Everything should be done as soon as possible , Especially in the technology industry , We must improve our technical skills .